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Antibiotic Resistance Genes as Contaminants in Industrial Wastewater Treatment

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Genomics of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Industrial Waste Water Treatment

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Abstract

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are nucleic acid sequences found in bacteria that help them survive in environments containing low–high concentrations of inhibitory chemicals called antibiotics. Due to the use/overuse of antibiotics since their discoveries, many experiments reported bacteria gaining these genes via horizontal gene transfer from resistant bacteria on the environmental scale, making it an ever-increasing threat to humans, animals and plants as there is a risk of acquiring incurable infections. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) use aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in sludge digesters to breakdown complex organic matter in sewage. Industries and sometimes hospitals combine their sewage with municipal sewage without treatment as the sewer service charge to be paid by them may be low enough in this option. These additional nutrients enable the wastewater bacteria found naturally in it to grow even more quickly, thus promoting a faster spread of ARGs between the cells of the same/different genera. These cells and the free ARGs might go on to transform the bacteria in the WWTP sludge digesters also. Some studies have shown that WWTPs are the point source of ARG introduction into water catchment zones like rivers and lakes as they increase the quantities of ARGs and antibiotics present in comparison with their quantities in the influent. They were also found to be persistent in the water of such bodies (a Dutch river) for over 20 km downstream from the point of wastewater introduction. Here, these ARGs are likely to settle down and then be found as contaminants in the sediments of these water bodies entrapped with wastewater bacteria inside the wastewater solids and flocs. It is possible to quantify different ARGs as seen in research article published in the ISME journal which uses real-time PCR to quantify the relative spatial abundance of ARGs present in the sediments that were introduced into the Vidy Bay region of Geneva Lake by the Lausanne WWTP, Switzerland. It was found that the sul1 gene was present in quantities higher than sul2, tet(w), and tet(M) genes and the tet(B) gene was found to be the least abundant. The qnrA gene on the other hand was always present in quantities below the detection limit. ARG contamination can be addressed if all hospitals, pharmaceutical and biotech industries treat their effluents before draining it into the sewers such that it is free of live resistance possessing bacteria, transducing phages, major ARGs, chemicals and biodegradable matter. In addition to this, abuse/overdosing of the over-the-counter oral antibiotics must also be tackled.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, School of Engineering and Sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, 122103, India

    Raunak Dhanker, Raunak Dhanker, Merwin Mammen, Anjali Singh & Priyanka Tyagi

  2. Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India

    Shubham Goyal

  3. Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., 202002, India

    Touseef Hussain & Touseef Hussain

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  1. Raunak Dhanker
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  2. Merwin Mammen
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Correspondence to Raunak Dhanker or Touseef Hussain .

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  1. Divison of Applied and Environmental Micro Lab, Industrial Waste Water Research Lab, Gujarat, India

    Maulin P. Shah

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Dhanker, R., Mammen, M., Singh, A., Goyal, S., Hussain, T., Tyagi, P. (2023). Antibiotic Resistance Genes as Contaminants in Industrial Wastewater Treatment. In: Shah, M.P. (eds) Genomics of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Industrial Waste Water Treatment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44618-4_2

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