Skip to main content

Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves: Novel Concepts and Traditional Descriptions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Cranial Nerves in Neurology
  • 396 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter aims to recapitulate the anatomy of the cranial nerves. It briefly introduces and discusses alternative systematics but pragmatically uses traditional terminology. However, in contrast to classical textbooks and scientific articles, it describes nerves following the direction of action potential conduction and refers to inconsistencies in nomenclature when appropriate. A separate subchapter carefully describes the parasympathetic pathways and the nerves and nerve fiber bundles derived from and associated with the parasympathetic head ganglia. Major sympathetic pathways to the skin of the head, however, are described with the nerves passing the parasellar region. Important and complex topological relations are illustrated in a number of carefully selected and comprehensively labeled figures.

Authors of this chapter: Weninger W. J. and Hainfellner A.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Williams PL, Gray H. Gray's anatomy. 37th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Apaydin N, Kendir S, Karahan ST. The anatomical relationships of the ocular motor nerves with an emphasis on surgical anatomy of the orbit. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2019;302(4):568–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Porras-Gallo MI, Pena-Meliaan A, Viejo F, Hernaandez T, Puelles E, Echevarria D, et al. Overview of the history of the cranial nerves: from galen to the 21st century. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2019;302(3):381–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Martinez-Marcos A, Sanudo JR. Cranial nerves: phylogeny and ontogeny. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2019;302(3):378–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Fuller GN, Burger PC. Nervus terminalis (cranial nerve zero) in the adult human. Clin Neuropathol. 1990;9(6):279–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Pineda AG, Leon-Sarmiento FE, Doty RL. Cranial nerve 13. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;164:135–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Vilensky JA. The neglected cranial nerve: nervus terminalis (cranial nerve N). Clin Anat. 2014;27(1):46–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Pena-Melian A, Cabello-de la Rosa JP, Gallardo-Alcaniz MJ, Vaamonde-Gamo J, Relea-Calatayud F, Gonzalez-Lopez L, et al. Cranial pair 0: the nervus terminalis. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2019;302(3):394–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Benninger B, McNeil J. Transitional nerve: a new and original classification of a peripheral nerve supported by the nature of the accessory nerve (CN XI). Neurol Res Int. 2010;2010:476018.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Weninger WJ, Müller GB. The sympathetic nerves of the parasellar region: pathways to the orbit and the brain. Acta Anat (Basel). 1997;160(4):254–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Weninger WJ, Streicher J, Müller GB. Anatomical compartments of the parasellar region: adipose tissue bodies represent intracranial continuations of extracranial spaces. J Anat. 1997;191(Pt 2):269–75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Weninger WJ, Müller GB. The parasellar region of human infants: cavernous sinus topography and surgical approaches. J Neurosurg. 1999;90(3):484–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Weninger WJ, Pramhas D. Compartments of the adult parasellar region. J Anat. 2000;197(Pt 4):681–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Weninger WJ, Prokop M. In vivo 3D analysis of the adipose tissue in the orbital apex and the compartments of the parasellar region. Clin Anat. 2004;17(2):112–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Parkinson D. Lateral sellar compartment: history and anatomy. J Craniofac Surg. 1995;6(1):55–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Meng S, Geyer SH, Costa Lda F, Viana MP, Weninger WJ. Objective characterization of the course of the parasellar internal carotid artery using mathematical tools. Surg Radiol Anat. 2008;30(6):519–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Parkinson D. Collateral circulation of cavernous carotid artery: anatomy. Can J Surg. 1964;7:251–68.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lasjaunias PL. Anatomy of the tentorial arteries. J Neurosurg. 1984;61(6):1159–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Parkinson D. A surgical approach to the cavernous portion of the carotid artery. Anatomical studies and case report. J Neurosurg. 1965;23(5):474–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Gyori E, Tzou CH, Weninger WJ, Reissig L, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Radtke C, et al. Axon numbers and landmarks of trigeminal donor nerves for corneal neurotization. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0206642.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Tv L, Wachsmuth W. Praktische anatomie. Erster Band, erster Teil: Kopf. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Heber UM, Weninger WJ. In: Tzou CJ, Rodriguez-Lorenzo A, editors. Anatomy of the facial nerve. Facial palsy: Springer Cham; 2021. p. 71–8.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Jensson D, Weninger WJ, Schmid M, Meng S, Jonsson L, Tzou CJ, et al. Oculo-zygomatic nerve transfer for facial synkinesis: an anatomical feasibility study. Microsurgery. 2019;39(7):629–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Lopez-Poveda EA. Olivocochlear efferents in animals and humans: from anatomy to clinical relevance. Front Neurol. 2018;9:197.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Mathews MA, Camp AJ, Murray AJ. Reviewing the role of the efferent vestibular system in motor and vestibular circuits. Front Physiol. 2017;8:552.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Raghu V, Salvi R, Sadeghi SG. Efferent inputs are required for normal function of vestibular nerve afferents. J Neurosci. 2019;39(35):6922–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Banneheka S, Tokita K, Kumaki K. Nerve fiber analysis of ansa cervicalis-vagus communications. Anat Sci Int. 2008;83(3):145–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Rabl H. Notiz zur Morphologie der Geschmacksknospen auf der Epiglottis. Anat Anz. 1895;11:153–6.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Geyer SH, Weninger WJ. Some mice feature 5th pharyngeal arch arteries and double-lumen aortic arch malformations. Cells Tissues Organs. 2012;196(1):90–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Placheta E, Tinhofer I, Schmid M, Reissig LF, Pona I, Weninger W, et al. The spinal accessory nerve for functional muscle innervation in facial reanimation surgery: an anatomical and histomorphometric study. Ann Plast Surg. 2016;77(6):640–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to W. J. Weninger .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Weninger, W.J., Hainfellner, A. (2023). Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves: Novel Concepts and Traditional Descriptions. In: The Cranial Nerves in Neurology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43081-7_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43081-7_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-43080-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-43081-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics