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Cold-Water Coral Reefs of the Southeastern United States

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Cold-Water Coral Reefs of the World

Part of the book series: Coral Reefs of the World ((CORW,volume 19))

Abstract

The southeastern United States (SEUS), from North Carolina through southern Florida, has the most extensive cold-water coral reefs, including coral mounds and coral gardens, in the US Exclusive Economic Zone. In fact, a region extending from off central Florida to Georgia has been named the “Million Mounds” area and is estimated to contain tens-of-thousands of coral mounds. Oceanographic patterns in this region are dominated by the Gulf Stream and associated oceanographic events (i.e., eddies, meanders, intrusions). Therefore, corals in the SEUS often experience strong currents and rapid changes in environmental conditions, such as temperature and salinity. The Gulf Stream also serves as a conduit for dispersal of larvae, and thus coral populations throughout the area are highly connected, although there are some signatures of differentiation across a bathymetric gradient. The faunal community in the region is diverse and includes a characteristic deep-reef fauna that differs from areas off reef. While resource extraction activities in deep water are present in the region, the most significant anthropogenic threat to cold-water corals in the SEUS is climate change. Future research efforts should focus on our understanding of the interplay between changing environmental conditions and coral development, growth, physiology, and persistence. In addition, we need to better understand both abiotic and biotic processes that govern cold-water coral ecosystems in the region.

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Acknowledgments

S. Farrington, W. Sautter, and A. Reft are gratefully acknowledged for preparing Fig. 4.1, Appendix 3, and Fig. 4.10, respectively. J. Chaytor and R. Gasbarro produced the maps of Richardson Reef complex. Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Florida Atlantic University, (HBOI-FAU), S. Ross, and NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research provided images for Figs. 4.9 and 4.10. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Environmental Studies Program (DeepSearch, Contract Number M17PC00009), NOAA Cooperative Institute for Ocean Exploration, Research, and Technology at HBOI-FAU, the Smithsonian Institution and the US Geological Survey provided partial funding and support for data collection and salaries. Extensive surveys conducted in the region by NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer provided data that led to recent discoveries. The South Atlantic Fishery Management Council is gratefully acknowledged for assuming the task of protecting these deep-water coral reefs. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

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Author notes

  1. Andrea M. Quattrini and Martha S. Nizinski contributed equally with all other contributors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA

    Andrea M. Quattrini

  2. NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Systematics Lab, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA

    Martha S. Nizinski

  3. Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Jay J. Lunden

  4. Department of Ocean Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Den Burg, The Netherlands

    Furu Mienis

  5. US Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, WV, USA

    Cheryl L. Morrison

  6. Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA

    Leslie Sautter

  7. Department of Earth, Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Harvey Seim

  8. Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA

    Robert E. Todd

  9. Cooperative Institute of Ocean Research, Exploration and Technology, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, USA

    John Reed

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Correspondence to Andrea M. Quattrini .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Erik Cordes

  2. Department of Ocean Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, The Netherlands

    Furu Mienis

Appendices

Appendices

4.1.1 Appendix 1

3 depth profile graphs of North Carolina, South Carolina or Georgia, and Florida plots depth versus distance from shore. 1 plots the shelf, slope, rise, and abyssal plain. 2 and 3 plots the shelf, Florida with hatter as slope, Blake plateau, escarpment, and more. An inset map locates the study area.

Depth profile comparison of North Carolina, South Carolina/Georgia, and Florida continental margins and their distinctive features, shown at the same scale with vertical exaggeration of 16.67×. Inset map shows profile locations (map and profiles generated using GeoMapApp)

4.1.2 Appendix 2

An enlarged topographic map of the Southeastern U S, from North Carolina to Florida. It highlights the bathymetry depth in meters using different shades. The shade for the highest value is near the coast.

High-resolution (30 m) multibeam sonar bathymetry of the SEUS continental margin as of December 2019. Only depths between 200 and 1500 m are illustrated (overlain on the GEBCO bathymetry). Large areas of the southeastern BP remain unmapped at high resolution

4.1.3 Appendix 3

An enlarged topographic map of the Southeastern U S, from North Carolina to Florida. It locates the H B O I J S L and R O V dives, E x 1806, E x 1903, and E 1907, and highlights the oculina H A P C, deep coral H A P C, and E E Z.

A schematic of circulation. Black solid lines mark the typical location of the GS; dashed lines in the southwest corner denote an alternate path when the Loop Current is retracted. Quasi-stationary recirculations are marked with dashed ellipses, and arrows denote different inflows

4.1.4 Appendix 4

6 bathymetry contour maps. A. plots the glider's path and depth average currents. B to F plot depth versus potential temperature, salinity, Eastward velocity, Northward velocity, and dissolved oxygen. They plot the isopycnal lines.

Transect across the Gulf Stream over the BP collected by a Spray glider in August 2019. (a) Map of the glider’s path (blue) with measured depth average currents (red) and bathymetry contoured; contours are drawn every 100 m with the 500-m isobath black. (b–f) Sections of (b) potential temperature, (c) salinity, (d) eastward velocity, (e) northward velocity, and (f) dissolved oxygen. White contours in (b–f) are isopycnals with a contour interval of 0.5 kg m–3 and the 26.0 and 27.0 kg m–3 isopycnals bold, and tick marks on the upper axes indicate locations of individual glider profiles

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Quattrini, A.M. et al. (2023). Cold-Water Coral Reefs of the Southeastern United States. In: Cordes, E., Mienis, F. (eds) Cold-Water Coral Reefs of the World. Coral Reefs of the World, vol 19. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40897-7_4

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