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Peripheral Olfactory Pathway Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics

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Olfactory Research in Dogs

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Abstract

Various sensory systems provide environmental awareness and have evolved to meet species-specific needs. The earliest of these senses thought to be chemosensory in function include olfaction. Olfactory acuity varies greatly by species, with intra-species variations also notable. Broadly, a species’ olfactory capability is categorized based on their overall olfactory development; species with a well-developed olfactory capability are macrosmatic (e.g. dogs, rats), compared to microsmatics (e.g. humans) with less developed sense of smell. A multitude of factors may influence this inter-species olfactory performance, which include anatomical and physiological variations across species. Despite these performance gradients, the foundational olfactory cytoarchitecture and cellular constituents appear to be fairly conserved across species. The field of olfaction has seen an increase in research since the discovery of olfactory receptors as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and part of the largest multi-gene family of receptors found in the mammalian gene repertoire by Linda Buck and Richard Axell in 1991 (Buck and Axel, Cell 65:175–187, 1991) winning them the Nobel Prize in 2004. However, the field remains understudied in relation to the other sensory systems and lacks significant comparative studies across species. The use of translational models, such as mice and rats, has served to provide the predominant foundational knowledge of olfactory sensory systems. This chapter will focus on the understanding of olfaction through an anatomical, physiological, and genetic foundation, highlighting the dog through the peripheral nervous system.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. Lucia Lazarowski for the invitation to write this chapter. We also thank Dr. Xu Wang and Michelle Aono for their review and helpful comments on the chapter. Additionally, we thank Dr. Edward Morrison, Dr. Robert Judd, Dr. Vitaly Vodyanoy, and Dr. Iryna Sorokulova for their mentorship, input, and review of original supporting work.

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  1. Canine Performance Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA

    Melissa Singletary

  2. Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA

    Melissa Singletary & Samantha Hagerty

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Correspondence to Melissa Singletary .

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  1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA

    Lucia Lazarowski

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Singletary, M., Hagerty, S. (2023). Peripheral Olfactory Pathway Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics. In: Lazarowski, L. (eds) Olfactory Research in Dogs. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39370-9_1

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