Abstract
Since the beginning of the 2000s, the involvement of great powers in international organizations has leveled off, and perhaps even declined. This has created space for middle power states to increasingly leverage their burgeoning economies and bolster their international status. In recent years, middle powers have begun to create institutions independently, without the immediate accession of great power states. Therefore, this paper will utilize case studies of the CPTPP and DEPA to understand how middle powers design institutions differently than great power states because of their unique goals and interests in the international system.
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Notes
- 1.
Steinberg 2002
- 2.
Pew Research Center 2020
- 3.
Ibid.
- 4.
McKenzie 2017
- 5.
McKenzie 2017
- 6.
Rapp-Hooper 2019
- 7.
Lester 2021
- 8.
Glazebrook 1947
- 9.
Teo 2022
- 10.
Ravenhill and Ravenhill 2001
- 11.
Emmers 2018
- 12.
Cooper and Dal 2016
- 13.
O’Neil and Gilley 2014
- 14.
Ibid.
- 15.
Cooper and Dal 2016
- 16.
Emmers 2018
- 17.
Emmers 2018
- 18.
Turnbull 2022
- 19.
O’Neil and Gilley 2014
- 20.
Cooper and Dal 2016
- 21.
O’Neil and Gilley 2014
- 22.
Johnson 2013
- 23.
Cottiero and Haggard 2021
- 24.
Koremenos et al. 2001
- 25.
Congressional Research Service 2022
- 26.
Kawashima 2021
- 27.
APEC 2021
- 28.
Kim 2019
- 29.
Schott 2021b
- 30.
Schott 2021b
- 31.
Hoang 2021
- 32.
Hadano and Hoyama 2021
- 33.
Chiou and Yeh 2022
- 34.
Ibid.
- 35.
Hadano and Hoyoma 2021
- 36.
Government of Canada 2015
- 37.
Ibid.
- 38.
Ibid.
- 39.
Ibid.
- 40.
Solis 2021
- 41.
Doung 2022
- 42.
Solis 2021
- 43.
Schott 2021a
- 44.
Elms 2021c
- 45.
Elms 2021b
- 46.
Elms 2021b
- 47.
Elms 2021b
- 48.
Australian Government 2019
- 49.
Australian Government 2019
- 50.
Kurohi 2021
- 51.
Chilean Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2021
- 52.
Elms 2021a
- 53.
Chilean Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2021
- 54.
Ibid.
- 55.
Goodman 2021
- 56.
Chilean Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2021
- 57.
Ibid.
- 58.
Ramasubramanian 2020
- 59.
Brutger and Morse 2015
- 60.
Chilean Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2021
- 61.
Goodman 2021
- 62.
Ramasubramanian 2020
- 63.
Tan 2021
- 64.
DEPA Signing Text 2020
- 65.
Ibid.
- 66.
Ibid.
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Kenney, M.A.T. (2023). Middle Powers and Institutional Design: A Case Study of the CPTPP and DEPA. In: Aggarwal, V.K., Kenney, M.A.T. (eds) Great Power Competition and Middle Power Strategies. The Political Economy of the Asia Pacific. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38024-2_3
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