Abstract
For many years, synaptic transmission was considered as information transfer between presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic cell. At the synaptic level, it was thought that dendritic arbors were only receiving and integrating all information flow sent along to the soma, while axons were primarily responsible for point-to-point information transfer. However, it is important to highlight that dendritic spines play a crucial role as postsynaptic components in central nervous system (CNS) synapses, not only integrating and filtering signals to the soma but also facilitating diverse connections with axons from many different sources. The majority of excitatory connections from presynaptic axonal terminals occurs on postsynaptic spines, although a subset of GABAergic synapses also targets spine heads. Several studies have shown the vast heterogeneous morphological, biochemical, and functional features of dendritic spines related to synaptic processing. In this chapter (adding to the relevant data on the biophysics of spines described in Chap. 1 of this book), we address the up-to-date functional dendritic characteristics assessed through electrophysiological approaches, including backpropagating action potentials (bAPs) and synaptic potentials mediated in dendritic and spine compartmentalization, as well as describing the temporal and spatial dynamics of glutamate receptors in the spines related to synaptic plasticity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acker CD, Hoyos E, Loew LM (2016) EPSPs measured in proximal dendritic spines of cortical pyramidal neurons. eNeuro 3(2):ENEURO.0050-15.2016. https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0050-15.2016
Allen JA, Halverson-Tamboli RA, Rasenick MM (2007) Lipid raft microdomains and neurotransmitter signalling. Nat Rev Neurosci 8(2):128–140. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2059
Araya R (2014) Input transformation by dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons. Front Neuroanat 8:141. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2014.00141
Araya R, Jiang J, Eisenthal KB, Yuste R (2006) The spine neck filters membrane potentials. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(47):17961–17966. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608755103
Araya R, Nikolenko V, Eisenthal KB, Yuste R (2007) Sodium channels amplify spine potentials. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(30):12347–12352. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705282104
Araya R, Vogels TP, Yuste R (2014) Activity-dependent dendritic spine neck changes are correlated with synaptic strength. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(28):E2895–E2904. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321869111
Arellano JI (2007) Ultrastructure of dendritic spines: correlation between synaptic and spine morphologies. Front Neurosci 1(1):131–143. https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.01.1.1.010.2007
Baltaci SB, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci AK (2019) Molecular mechanisms of early and late LTP. Neurochem Res 44(2):281–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-018-2695-4
Becker MFP, Tetzlaff C (2021) The biophysical basis underlying the maintenance of early phase long-term potentiation. PLoS Comput Biol 17(3):e1008813. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008813
Beffert U, Durudas A, Weeber EJ, Stolt PC, Giehl KM, Sweatt JD, Hammer RE, Herz J (2006) Functional dissection of Reelin signaling by site-directed disruption of Disabled-1 adaptor binding to apolipoprotein E receptor 2: distinct roles in development and synaptic plasticity. J Neurosci 26(7):2041–2052. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4566-05.2006
Bellone C, Lüscher C (2005) mGluRs induce a long-term depression in the ventral tegmental area that involves a switch of the subunit composition of AMPA receptors. Eur J Neurosci 21(5):1280–1288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03979.x
Bi G, Poo M (1998) Synaptic modifications in cultured hippocampal neurons: dependence on spike timing, synaptic strength, and postsynaptic cell type. J Neurosci 18(24):10464–10472. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-24-10464.1998
Blom H, Rönnlund D, Scott L, Spicarova Z, Widengren J, Bondar A, Aperia A, Brismar H (2011) Spatial distribution of Na+-K+-ATPase in dendritic spines dissected by nanoscale superresolution STED microscopy. BMC Neurosci 12(1):16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-12-16
Bloodgood BL, Sabatini BL (2005) Neuronal activity regulates diffusion across the neck of dendritic spines. Science 310(5749):866–869. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1114816
Bloodgood BL, Sabatini BL (2007a) Ca2+ signaling in dendritic spines. Curr Opin Neurobiol 17(3):345–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2007.04.003
Bloodgood BL, Sabatini BL (2007b) Nonlinear regulation of unitary synaptic signals by CaV2.3 voltage-sensitive calcium channels located in dendritic spines. Neuron 53(2):249–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.12.017
Bloodgood BL, Giessel AJ, Sabatini BL (2009) Biphasic synaptic Ca influx arising from compartmentalized electrical signals in dendritic spines. PLoS Biol 7(9):e1000190. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000190
Brusés JL, Chauvet N, Rutishauser U (2001) Membrane lipid rafts are necessary for the maintenance of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in somatic spines of ciliary neurons. J Neurosci 21(2):504–512. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-02-00504.2001
Buard I, Coultrap SJ, Freund RK, Lee YS, Dell’Acqua ML, Silva AJ, Bayer KU (2010) CaMKII “autonomy” is required for initiating but not for maintaining neuronal long-term information storage. Neurosci 30(24):8214–8220. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1469-10.2010
Bywalez WG, Patirniche D, Rupprecht V, Stemmler M, Herz AVM, Pálfi D, Rózsa B, Egger V (2015) Local postsynaptic voltage-gated sodium channel activation in dendritic spines of olfactory bulb granule cells. Neuron 85(3):590–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.051
Calabrese B, Wilson MS, Halpain S (2006) Development and regulation of dendritic spine synapses. Physiology 21(1):38–47. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00042.2005
Caldwell JH, Schaller KL, Lasher RS, Peles E, Levinson SR (2000) Sodium channel Na(v)1.6 is localized at nodes of ranvier, dendrites, and synapses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97(10):5616–5620. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.090034797
Camiré O, Topolnik L (2014) Dendritic calcium nonlinearities switch the direction of synaptic plasticity in fast-spiking interneurons. J Neurosci 34(11):3864–3877. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2253-13.2014
Camiré O, Topolnik L (2018) Two-photon calcium imaging in neuronal dendrites in brain slices. J Vis Exp (133):56776. https://doi.org/10.3791/56776
Campo CG, Sinagra M, Verrier D, Manzoni OJ, Chavis P (2009) Reelin secreted by GABAergic neurons regulates glutamate receptor homeostasis. PLoS One 4(5):e5505. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005505
Cao G, Harris KM (2012) Developmental regulation of the late phase of long-term potentiation (L-LTP) and metaplasticity in hippocampal area CA1 of the rat. J Neurophysiol 107(3):902–912. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00780.2011
Caporale N, Dan Y (2008) Spike timing–dependent plasticity: a Hebbian learning rule. Annu Rev Neurosci 31(1):25–46. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125639
Carroll RC, Beattie EC, von Zastrow M, Malenka RC (2001) Role of AMPA receptor endocytosis in synaptic plasticity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2(5):315–324. https://doi.org/10.1038/35072500
Chater TE, Goda Y (2014) The role of AMPA receptors in postsynaptic mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 8:401. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2014.00401
Chen X, Leischner U, Rochefort NL, Nelken I, Konnerth A (2011) Functional mapping of single spines in cortical neurons in vivo. Nature 475(7357):501–505. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10193
Chen JL, Villa KL, Cha JW, So PTC, Kubota Y, Nedivi E (2012) Clustered dynamics of inhibitory synapses and dendritic spines in the adult neocortex. Neuron 74(2):361–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.030
Chiu CQ, Lur G, Morse TM, Carnevale NT, Ellis-Davies GCR, Higley MJ (2013) Compartmentalization of GABAergic inhibition by dendritic spines. Science 340(6133):759–762. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1234274
Chung HJ, Qian X, Ehlers M, Jan YN, Jan LY (2009) Neuronal activity regulates phosphorylation-dependent surface delivery of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying potassium channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(2):629–634. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811615106
Citri A, Malenka RC (2008) Synaptic plasticity: multiple forms, functions, and mechanisms. Neuropsychopharmacology 33(1):18–41. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301559
Clem RL, Barth A (2006) Pathway-specific trafficking of native AMPARs by in vivo experience. Neuron 49(5):663–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.019
Cohen LB, Salzberg BM (1978) Optical measurement of membrane potential. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 83:35–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-08907-1_2
Cornejo VH, Ofer N, Yuste R (2022) Voltage compartmentalization in dendritic spines in vivo. Science 375(6576):82–86. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg0501
De Roo M, Klauser P, Muller D (2008) LTP promotes a selective long-term stabilization and clustering of dendritic spines. PLoS Biol 6(9):e219. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060219
de Vivo L, Landi S, Panniello M, Baroncelli L, Chierzi S, Mariotti L, Spolidoro M, Pizzorusso T, Maffei L, Ratto GM (2013) Extracellular matrix inhibits structural and functional plasticity of dendritic spines in the adult visual cortex. Nat Commun 4(1):1484. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2491
Debanne D, Gähwiler BH, Thompson SM (1998) Long-term synaptic plasticity between pairs of individual CA3 pyramidal cells in rat hippocampal slice cultures. J Physiol 507(Pt 1):237–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.237bu.x
Denk W, Yuste R, Svoboda K, Tank DW (1996) Imaging calcium dynamics in dendritic spines. Curr Opin Neurobiol 6(3):372–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-4388(96)80122-x
Dickstein DL, Weaver CM, Luebke JI, Hof PR (2013) Dendritic spine changes associated with normal aging. Neuroscience 251:21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.077
Dityatev A, Rusakov DA (2011) Molecular signals of plasticity at the tetrapartite synapse. Curr Opin Neurobiol 21(2):353–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2010.12.006
Dityatev A, Schachner M (2003) Extracellular matrix molecules and synaptic plasticity. Nat Rev Neurosci 4(6):456–468. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1115
Dityatev A, Frischknecht R, Seidenbecher CI (2006) Extracellular matrix and synaptic functions. In: Gundelfinger ED, Seidenbecher CI, Schraven B (eds) Cell communication in nervous and immune system. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 69–97
Dityatev A, Schachner M, Sonderegger P (2010) The dual role of the extracellular matrix in synaptic plasticity and homeostasis. Nat Rev Neurosci 11(11):735–746. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2898
Dozmorov M, Li R, Abbas A-K, Hellberg F, Farre C, Huang F-S, Jilderos B, Wigström H (2006) Contribution of AMPA and NMDA receptors to early and late phases of LTP in hippocampal slices. Neurosci Res 55(2):182–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2006.03.001
Egawa J, Pearn ML, Lemkuil BP, Patel PM, Head BP (2016) Membrane lipid rafts and neurobiology: age-related changes in membrane lipids and loss of neuronal function. J Physiol 594(16):4565–4579. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP270590
Enoki R, Hu Y, Hamilton D, Fine A (2009) Expression of long-term plasticity at individual synapses in hippocampus is graded, bidirectional, and mainly presynaptic: optical quantal analysis. Neuron 62(2):242–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.02.026
Feldman DE (2012) The spike-timing dependence of plasticity. Neuron 75(4):556–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.08.001
Filipis L, Canepari M (2021) Optical measurement of physiological sodium currents in the axon initial segment. J Physiol 599(1):49–66. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP280554
Froemke RC, Poo M-M, Dan Y (2005) Spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity depends on dendritic location. Nature 434(7030):221–225. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03366
Grosshans DR, Clayton DA, Coultrap SJ, Browning MD (2002) LTP leads to rapid surface expression of NMDA but not AMPA receptors in adult rat CA1. Nat Neurosci 5(1):27–33. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn779
Grunditz Å, Holbro N, Tian L, Zuo Y, Oertner TG (2008) Spine neck plasticity controls postsynaptic calcium signals through electrical compartmentalization. J Neurosci 28(50):13457–13466. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2702-08.2008
Gundelfinger ED, Frischknecht R, Choquet D, Heine M (2010) Converting juvenile into adult plasticity: a role for the brain’s extracellular matrix: converting juvenile into adult plasticity. Eur J Neurosci 31(12):2156–2165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07253.x
Harnett MT, Makara JK, Spruston N, Kath WL, Magee JC (2012) Synaptic amplification by dendritic spines enhances input cooperativity. Nature 491(7425):599–602. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11554
Harris KM, Kater SB (1994) Dendritic spines: cellular specializations imparting both stability and flexibility to synaptic function. Annu Rev Neurosci 17:341–371. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.17.030194.002013
Harris K, Stevens J (1988) Dendritic spines of rat cerebellar Purkinje cells: serial electron microscopy with reference to their biophysical characteristics. J Neurosci 8(12):4455–4469. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.08-12-04455.1988
Harris K, Stevens J (1989) Dendritic spines of CA 1 pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus: serial electron microscopy with reference to their biophysical characteristics. J Neurosci 9(8):2982–2997. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-08-02982.1989
Harris KM, Jensen FE, Tsao B (1992) Three-dimensional structure of dendritic spines and synapses in rat hippocampus (CA1) at postnatal day 15 and adult ages: implications for the maturation of synaptic physiology and long-term potentiation. J Neurosci 12(7):2685–2705. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-07-02685.1992
Harvey CD, Svoboda K (2007) Locally dynamic synaptic learning rules in pyramidal neuron dendrites. Nature 450(7173):1195–1200. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06416
Harward SC, Hedrick NG, Hall CE, Parra-Bueno P, Milner TA, Pan E, Laviv T, Hempstead BL, Yasuda R, McNamara JO (2016) Autocrine BDNF-TrkB signalling within a single dendritic spine. Nature 538(7623):99–103. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19766
Hasegawa S, Sakuragi S, Tominaga-Yoshino K, Ogura A (2015) Dendritic spine dynamics leading to spine elimination after repeated inductions of LTD. Sci Rep 5:7707. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep07707
Häusser M, Spruston N, Stuart GJ (2000) Diversity and dynamics of dendritic signaling. Science 290(5492):739–744. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5492.739
He K, Lee A, Song L, Kanold PO, Lee H-K (2011) AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 (GluA1) serine-845 site is involved in synaptic depression but not in spine shrinkage associated with chemical long-term depression. J Neurophysiol 105(4):1897–1907. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00913.2010
Hedrick NG, Harward SC, Hall CE, Murakoshi H, McNamara JO, Yasuda R (2016) Rho GTPase complementation underlies BDNF-dependent homo- and heterosynaptic plasticity. Nature 538(7623):104–108. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19784
Hellwig S, Hack I, Kowalski J, Brunne B, Jarowyj J, Unger A, Bock HH, Junghans D, Frotscher M (2011) Role for Reelin in neurotransmitter release. J Neurosci 31(7):2352–2360. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3984-10.2011
Henley JM, Wilkinson KA (2016) Synaptic AMPA receptor composition in development, plasticity and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 17(6):337–350. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.37
Hestrin S, Nicoll RA, Perkel DJ, Sah P (1990) Analysis of excitatory synaptic action in pyramidal cells using whole-cell recording from rat hippocampal slices. J Physiol 422:203–225. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp017980
Holthoff K, Zecevic D, Konnerth A (2010) Rapid time course of action potentials in spines and remote dendrites of mouse visual cortex neurons: optical recording of APs in dendritic spines. J Physiol 588(7):1085–1096. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2009.184960
Honigmann A, Pralle A (2016) Compartmentalization of the cell membrane. J Mol Biol 428(24):4739–4748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2016.09.022
Huntley GW, Gil O, Bozdagi O (2002) The cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules: multiple roles in synaptic plasticity. Neuroscientist 8(3):221–233
Jaafari N, Konopacki FA, Owen TF, Kantamneni S, Rubin P, Craig TJ, Wilkinson KA, Henley JM (2013) SUMOylation is required for glycine-induced increases in AMPA receptor surface expression (ChemLTP) in hippocampal neurons. PLoS One 8(1):e52345. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052345
Jaffe DB, Johnston D, Lasser-Ross N, Lisman JE, Miyakawa H, Ross WN (1992) The spread of Na+ spikes determines the pattern of dendritic Ca2+ entry into hippocampal neurons. Nature 357(6375):244–246. https://doi.org/10.1038/357244a0
Jayant K, Hirtz JJ, Plante IJ-L, Tsai DM, De Boer WDAM, Semonche A, Peterka DS, Owen JS, Sahin O, Shepard KL, Yuste R (2017) Targeted intracellular voltage recordings from dendritic spines using quantum-dot-coated nanopipettes. Nat Nanotechnol 12(4):335–342. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2016.268
Johnston D, Magee JC, Colbert CM, Christie BR (1996) Active properties of neuronal dendrites. Annu Rev Neurosci 19:165–186. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.19.030196.001121
Kasai H, Fukuda M, Watanabe S, Hayashi-Takagi A, Noguchi J (2010) Structural dynamics of dendritic spines in memory and cognition. Trends Neurosci 33(3):121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2010.01.001
Kaufmann WA, Matsui K, Jeromin A, Nerbonne JM, Ferraguti F (2013) Kv4.2 potassium channels segregate to extrasynaptic domains and influence intrasynaptic NMDA receptor NR2B subunit expression. Brain Struct Funct 218(5):1115–1132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-012-0450-1
Kim J, Jung S-C, Clemens AM, Petralia RS, Hoffman DA (2007) Regulation of dendritic excitability by activity-dependent trafficking of the A-type K+ channel subunit Kv4.2 in hippocampal neurons. Neuron 54(6):933–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.05.026
Koch C, Segev I (2000) The role of single neurons in information processing. Nat Neurosci 3(S11):1171–1177. https://doi.org/10.1038/81444
Koch C, Zador A (1993) The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical compartmentalization. J Neurosci 13(2):413–422. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-02-00413.1993
Kochlamazashvili G, Henneberger C, Bukalo O, Dvoretskova E, Senkov O, Lievens PM-J, Westenbroek R, Engel AK, Catterall WA, Rusakov DA, Schachner M, Dityatev A (2010) The extracellular matrix molecule hyaluronic acid regulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity by modulating postsynaptic L-type Ca2+ channels. Neuron 67(1):116–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.05.030
Koester HJ, Sakmann B (1998) Calcium dynamics in single spines during coincident pre- and postsynaptic activity depend on relative timing of back-propagating action potentials and subthreshold excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(16):9596–9601. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.16.9596
Koleske AJ (2013) Molecular mechanisms of dendrite stability. Nat Rev Neurosci 14(8):536–550. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3486
Korngreen A, Sakmann B (2000) Voltage-gated K+ channels in layer 5 neocortical pyramidal neurones from young rats: subtypes and gradients. J Physiol 525(Pt 3):621–639. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00621.x
Kovalchuk Y, Eilers J, Lisman J, Konnerth A (2000) NMDA receptor-mediated subthreshold Ca2+ signals in spines of hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 20(5):1791–1799. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-05-01791.2000
Kwon T, Sakamoto M, Peterka DS, Yuste R (2017) Attenuation of synaptic potentials in dendritic spines. Cell Rep 20(5):1100–1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.012
Lai K-O, Ip NY (2013) Structural plasticity of dendritic spines: the underlying mechanisms and its dysregulation in brain disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) – Mol Basis Dis 1832(12):2257–2263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.08.012
Lan J, Skeberdis VA, Jover T, Grooms SY, Lin Y, Araneda RC, Zheng X, Bennett MVL, Zukin RS (2001) Protein kinase C modulates NMDA receptor trafficking and gating. Nat Neurosci 4(4):382–390. https://doi.org/10.1038/86028
Lanté F, de Jésus Ferreira M-C, Guiramand J, Récasens M, Vignes M (2006) Low-frequency stimulation induces a new form of LTP, metabotropic glutamate (mGlu5) receptor- and PKA-dependent, in the CA1 area of the rat hippocampus. Hippocampus 16(4):345–360. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20146
Lau CG, Zukin RS (2007) NMDA receptor trafficking in synaptic plasticity and neuropsychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 8(6):413–426. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2153
Lau CG, Takayasu Y, Rodenas-Ruano A, Paternain AV, Lerma J, Bennett MVL, Zukin RS (2010) SNAP-25 is a target of protein kinase C phosphorylation critical to NMDA receptor trafficking. J Neurosci 30(1):242–254. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4933-08.2010
Lee S-JR, Escobedo-Lozoya Y, Szatmari EM, Yasuda R (2009) Activation of CaMKII in single dendritic spines during long-term potentiation. Nature 458(7236):299–304. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07842
Lee H-K, Takamiya K, He K, Song L, Huganir RL (2010) Specific roles of AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 (GluA1) phosphorylation sites in regulating synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region of hippocampus. J Neurophysiol 103(1):479–489. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00835.2009
Lisman J, Yasuda R, Raghavachari S (2012) Mechanisms of CaMKII action in long-term potentiation. Nat Rev Neurosci 13(3):169–182. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3192
London M, Häusser M (2005) Dendritic computation. Annu Rev Neurosci 28:503–532
Lorincz A, Nusser Z (2010) Molecular identity of dendritic voltage-gated sodium channels. Science 328(5980):906–909. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1187958
Lu W-Y, Man H-Y, Ju W, Trimble WS, MacDonald JF, Wang YT (2001) Activation of synaptic NMDA receptors induces membrane insertion of new AMPA receptors and LTP in cultured hippocampal neurons. Neuron 29(1):243–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00194-5
Luscher C, Malenka RC (2012) NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation and long-term depression (LTP/LTD). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 4(6):a005710. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a005710
Magee JC, Johnston D (1997) A synaptically controlled, associative signal for Hebbian plasticity in hippocampal neurons. Science 275(5297):209–213. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5297.209
Mainen ZF, Maletic-Savatic M, Shi SH, Hayashi Y, Malinow R, Svoboda K (1999) Two-photon imaging in living brain slices. Methods 18(2):231–239. https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.1999.0776
Makino H, Malinow R (2009) AMPA receptor incorporation into synapses during LTP: the role of lateral movement and exocytosis. Neuron 64(3):381–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.035
Markram H, Lübke J, Frotscher M, Sakmann B (1997) Regulation of synaptic efficacy by coincidence of postsynaptic APs and EPSPs. Science 275(5297):213–215. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5297.213
Mateos-Aparicio P, RodrĂguez-Moreno A (2020) Calcium dynamics and synaptic plasticity. Adv Exp Med Biol 1131:965–984. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_38
Matsuzaki M, Ellis-Davies GCR, Nemoto T, Miyashita Y, Iino M, Kasai H (2001) Dendritic spine geometry is critical for AMPA receptor expression in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Nat Neurosci 4(11):1086–1092. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn736
Matsuzaki M, Honkura N, Ellis-Davies GCR, Kasai H (2004) Structural basis of long-term potentiation in single dendritic spines. Nature 429(6993):761–766. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02617
McGeachie AB, Cingolani LA, Goda Y (2011) A stabilising influence: integrins in regulation of synaptic plasticity. Neurosci Res 70(1):24–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2011.02.006
Miller S, Yasuda M, Coats JK, Jones Y, Martone ME, Mayford M (2002) Disruption of dendritic translation of CaMKIIalpha impairs stabilization of synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation Neuron 36(3):507–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00978-9
Miyazaki K, Ross WN (2017) Sodium dynamics in pyramidal neuron dendritic spines: synaptically evoked entry predominantly through AMPA receptors and removal by diffusion. J Neurosci 37(41):9964–9976. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1758-17.2017
Miyazaki K, Ross WN (2022) Fast synaptically activated calcium and sodium kinetics in hippocampal pyramidal neuron dendritic spines. eNeuro 9(6):ENEURO.0396-22.2022. https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0396-22.2022
Montgomery JM, Selcher JC, Hanson JE, Madison DV (2005) Dynamin-dependent NMDAR endocytosis during LTD and its dependence on synaptic state. BMC Neurosci 6:48. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-6-48
Morishita W, Marie H, Malenka RC (2005) Distinct triggering and expression mechanisms underlie LTD of AMPA and NMDA synaptic responses. Nat Neurosci 8(8):1043–1050. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1506
Nagy V, Bozdagi O, Matynia A, Balcerzyk M, Okulski P, Dzwonek J, Costa RM, Silva AJ, Kaczmarek L, Huntley GW (2006) Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is required for hippocampal late-phase long-term potentiation and memory. J Neurosci 26(7):1923–1934. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4359-05.2006
Nakahata Y, Yasuda R (2018) Plasticity of spine structure: local signaling, translation and cytoskeletal reorganization. Front Synaptic Neurosci 10:29. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00029
Nakamura T, Barbara J-G, Nakamura K, Ross WN (1999) Synergistic release of Ca2+ from IP3-sensitive stores evoked by synaptic activation of mGluRs paired with backpropagating action potentials. Neuron 24(3):727–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81125-3
Nevian T, Sakmann B (2004) Single spine Ca2+ signals evoked by coincident EPSPs and backpropagating action potentials in spiny stellate cells of layer 4 in the juvenile rat somatosensory barrel cortex. J Neurosci 24(7):1689–1699. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3332-03.2004
Nevian T, Sakmann B (2006) Spine Ca2+ signaling in spike-timing-dependent plasticity. J Neurosci 26(43):11001–11013. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1749-06.2006
Nicoll RA (2017) A brief history of long-term potentiation. Neuron 93(2):281–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.12.015
Nishiyama J (2019) Plasticity of dendritic spines: molecular function and dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 73(9):541–550. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12899
Nishiyama J, Yasuda R (2015) Biochemical computation for spine structural plasticity. Neuron 87(1):63–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.043
Nishiyama M, Hong K, Mikoshiba K, Poo MM, Kato K (2000) Calcium stores regulate the polarity and input specificity of synaptic modification. Nature 408(6812):584–588. https://doi.org/10.1038/35046067
Noguchi J, Matsuzaki M, Ellis-Davies GCR, Kasai H (2005) Spine-neck geometry determines NMDA receptor-dependent Ca2+ signaling in dendrites. Neuron 46(4):609–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.03.015
Noguchi J, Nagaoka A, Watanabe S, Ellis-Davies GCR, Kitamura K, Kano M, Matsuzaki M, Kasai H (2011) In vivo two-photon uncaging of glutamate revealing the structure-function relationships of dendritic spines in the neocortex of adult mice. J Physiol 589(Pt 10):2447–2457. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2011.207100
Noguchi J, Nagaoka A, Hayama T, Ucar H, Yagishita S, Takahashi N, Kasai H (2019) Bidirectional in vivo structural dendritic spine plasticity revealed by two-photon glutamate uncaging in the mouse neocortex. Sci Rep 9(1):13922. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50445-0
Nuriya M, Jiang J, Nemet B, Eisenthal KB, Yuste R (2006) Imaging membrane potential in dendritic spines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(3):786–790. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0510092103
Oertner TG (2002) Functional imaging of single synapses in brain slices. Exp Physiol 87(6):733–736. https://doi.org/10.1113/eph8702482
Oh WC, Hill TC, Zito K (2013) Synapse-specific and size-dependent mechanisms of spine structural plasticity accompanying synaptic weakening. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110(4):E305–E312. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1214705110
Oray S, Majewska A, Sur M (2004) Dendritic spine dynamics are regulated by monocular deprivation and extracellular matrix degradation. Neuron 44(6):1021–1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.001
Orlando C, Ster J, Gerber U, Fawcett JW, Raineteau O (2012) Perisynaptic chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans restrict structural plasticity in an integrin-dependent manner. J Neurosci 32(50):18009–18017. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2406-12.2012
Palmer LM, Stuart GJ (2009) Membrane potential changes in dendritic spines during action potentials and synaptic input. J Neurosci 29(21):6897–6903. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5847-08.2009
Park M (2018) AMPA receptor trafficking for postsynaptic potentiation. Front Cell Neurosci 12:361. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2018.00361
Penn AC, Zhang CL, Georges F, Royer L, Breillat C, Hosy E, Petersen JD, Humeau Y, Choquet D (2017) Hippocampal LTP and contextual learning require surface diffusion of AMPA receptors. Nature 549(7672):384–388. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23658
Penzes P, Cahill ME, Jones KA, VanLeeuwen J-E, Woolfrey KM (2011) Dendritic spine pathology in neuropsychiatric disorders. Nat Neurosci 14(3):285–293. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2741
Philpot BD, Espinosa JS, Bear MF (2003) Evidence for altered NMDA receptor function as a basis for metaplasticity in visual cortex. J Neurosci 23(13):5583–5588. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-13-05583.2003
Polsky A, Mel B, Schiller J (2009) Encoding and decoding bursts by NMDA spikes in basal dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci 29(38):11891–11903. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5250-08.2009
Popovic M, Gao X, Zecevic D (2012) Voltage-sensitive dye recording from axons, dendrites and dendritic spines of individual neurons in brain slices. J Vis Exp (69):4261. https://doi.org/10.3791/4261
Popovic MA, Gao X, Carnevale NT, Zecevic D (2014) Cortical dendritic spine heads are not electrically isolated by the spine neck from membrane potential signals in parent dendrites. Cereb Cortex 24(2):385–395. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs320
Popovic M, Vogt K, Holthoff K, Konnerth A, Salzberg BM, Grinvald A, Antic SD, Canepari M, Zecevic D (2015a) Imaging submillisecond membrane potential changes from individual regions of single axons, dendrites and spines. In: Canepari M, Zecevic D, Bernus O (eds) Membrane potential imaging in the nervous system and heart. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 57–101
Popovic MA, Carnevale N, Rozsa B, Zecevic D (2015b) Electrical behaviour of dendritic spines as revealed by voltage imaging. Nat Commun 6(1):8436. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9436
Priel A, Dai X-Q, Chen X-Z, Scarinci N, Cantero MR, Cantiello HF (2022) Electrical recordings from dendritic spines of adult mouse hippocampus and effect of the actin cytoskeleton. Front Mol Neurosci 15:769725. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2022.769725
Pujadas L, Gruart A, Bosch C, Delgado L, Teixeira CM, Rossi D, de Lecea L, MartĂnez A, Delgado-GarcĂa JM, Soriano E (2010) Reelin regulates postnatal neurogenesis and enhances spine hypertrophy and long-term potentiation. J Neurosci 30(13):4636–4649. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5284-09.2010
Qiu S, Zhao LF, Korwek KM, Weeber EJ (2006) Differential Reelin-induced enhancement of NMDA and AMPA receptor activity in the adult hippocampus. J Neurosci 26(50):12943–12955. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2561-06.2006
Rossini L, De Santis D, Mauceri RR, Tesoriero C, Bentivoglio M, Maderna E, Maiorana A, Deleo F, de Curtis M, Tringali G, Cossu M, Tumminelli G, Bramerio M, Spreafico R, Tassi L, Garbelli R (2021) Dendritic pathology, spine loss and synaptic reorganization in human cortex from epilepsy patients. Brain 144(1):251–265. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa387
Royer S, Martina M, Paré D (1999) An inhibitory interface gates impulse traffic between the input and output stations of the amygdala. J Neurosci 19(23):10575–10583. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-23-10575.1999
Ruddy RM, Chen Y, Milenkovic M, Ramsey AJ (2015) Differential effects of NMDA receptor antagonism on spine density. Synapse 69(1):52–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/syn.21784
Runge K, Cardoso C, de Chevigny A (2020) Dendritic spine plasticity: function and mechanisms. Front Synaptic Neurosci 12:36. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00036
Sabatini BL, Oertner TG, Svoboda K (2002) The life cycle of Ca2+ ions in dendritic spines. Neuron 33(3):439–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00573-1
Schiller J, Schiller Y, Clapham DE (1998) NMDA receptors amplify calcium influx into dendritic spines during associative pre- and postsynaptic activation. Nat Neurosci 1(2):114–118. https://doi.org/10.1038/363
Shepherd GM (1996) The dendritic spine: a multifunctional integrative unit. J Neurophysiol 75(6):2197–2210. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.6.2197
Sjöström PJ, Turrigiano GG, Nelson SB (2001) Rate, timing, and cooperativity jointly determine cortical synaptic plasticity. Neuron 32(6):1149–1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00542-6
Sjöström PJ, Rancz EA, Roth A, Häusser M (2008) Dendritic excitability and synaptic plasticity. Physiol Rev 88(2):769–840. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00016.2007
Song I, Dityatev A (2018) Crosstalk between glia, extracellular matrix and neurons. Brain Res Bull 136:101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.03.003
Spruston N, Jaffe DB, Johnston D (1994) Dendritic attenuation of synaptic potentials and currents: the role of passive membrane properties. Trends Neurosci 17(4):161–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(94)90094-9
Spruston N, Jonas P, Sakmann B (1995) Dendritic glutamate receptor channels in rat hippocampal CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons. J Physiol 482(2):325–352. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020521
Stein IS, Zito K (2019) Dendritic spine elimination: molecular mechanisms and implications. Neuroscientist 25(1):27–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858418769644
Strobel C, Marek R, Gooch HM, Sullivan RKP, Sah P (2015) Prefrontal and auditory input to intercalated neurons of the amygdala. Cell Rep 10(9):1435–1442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.008
Strobel C, Sullivan RKP, Stratton P, Sah P (2017) Calcium signalling in medial intercalated cell dendrites and spines: dendritic properties of medial ITC neurons. J Physiol 595(16):5653–5669. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP274261
Stuart GJ, Häusser M (2001) Dendritic coincidence detection of EPSPs and action potentials. Nat Neurosci 4(1):63–71. https://doi.org/10.1038/82910
Stuart GJ, Sakmann B (1994) Active propagation of somatic action potentials into neocortical pyramidal cell dendrites. Nature 367(6458):69–72. https://doi.org/10.1038/367069a0
Stuart GJ, Dodt HU, Sakmann B (1993) Patch-clamp recordings from the soma and dendrites of neurons in brain slices using infrared video microscopy. Pflugers Arch 423(5–6):511–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00374949
Stuart G, Schiller J, Sakmann B (1997a) Action potential initiation and propagation in rat neocortical pyramidal neurons. J Physiol 505(3):617–632. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.617ba.x
Stuart G, Spruston N, Sakmann B, Häusser M (1997b) Action potential initiation and backpropagation in neurons of the mammalian CNS. Trends Neurosci 20(3):125–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(96)10075-8
Svoboda K, Tank DW, Denk W (1996) Direct measurement of coupling between dendritic spines and shafts. Science 272(5262):716–719. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5262.716
Tada T, Sheng M (2006) Molecular mechanisms of dendritic spine morphogenesis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 16(1):95–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2005.12.001
Takasaki K, Sabatini BL (2014) Super-resolution 2-photon microscopy reveals that the morphology of each dendritic spine correlates with diffusive but not synaptic properties. Front Neuroanat 8:29. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2014.00029
Tanaka H, Hirano T (2012) Visualization of subunit-specific delivery of glutamate receptors to postsynaptic membrane during hippocampal long-term potentiation. Cell Rep 1(4):291–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2012.02.004
Tanese D, Weng J-Y, Zampini V, De Sars V, Canepari M, Rozsa B, Emiliani V, Zecevic D (2017) Imaging membrane potential changes from dendritic spines using computer-generated holography. Neurophotonics 4(3):031211. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.NPh.4.3.031211
Tazerart S, Mitchell DE, Miranda-Rottmann S, Araya R (2020) A spike-timing-dependent plasticity rule for dendritic spines. Nat Commun 11(1):4276. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17861-7
Tazerart S, Blanchard MG, Miranda-Rottmann S, Mitchell DE, Navea Pina B, Thomas CI, Kamasawa N, Araya R (2022) Selective activation of BK channels in small-headed dendritic spines suppresses excitatory postsynaptic potentials. J Physiol 600(9):2165–2187. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP282303
Theis A-K, RĂłzsa B, Katona G, Schmitz D, Johenning FW (2018) Voltage gated calcium channel activation by backpropagating action potentials downregulates NMDAR function. Front Cell Neurosci 12:109. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2018.00109
Toni N, Buchs P-A, Nikonenko I, Bron CR, Muller D (1999) LTP promotes formation of multiple spine synapses between a single axon terminal and a dendrite. Nature 402(6760):421–425. https://doi.org/10.1038/46574
Tønnesen J, Nägerl UV (2016) Dendritic spines as tunable regulators of synaptic signals. Front Psych 7:101. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00101
Tønnesen J, Katona G, Rózsa B, Nägerl UV (2014) Spine neck plasticity regulates compartmentalization of synapses. Nat Neurosci 17(5):678–685. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3682
Trommald M, Hulleberg G (1997) Dimensions and density of dendritic spines from rat dentate granule cells based on reconstructions from serial electron micrographs. J Comp Neurol 377(1):15–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970106)377:1<15::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-M
Tsay D, Yuste R (2004) On the electrical function of dendritic spines. Trends Neurosci 27(2):77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2003.11.008
Turrigiano GG (2008) The self-tuning neuron: synaptic scaling of excitatory synapses. Cell 135(3):422–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.10.008
Vallés AS, Barrantes FJ (2021) Nanoscale sub-compartmentalization of the dendritic spine compartment. Biomol Ther 11(11):1697. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111697
van Versendaal D, Rajendran R, Saiepour MH, Klooster J, Smit-Rigter L, Sommeijer J-P, De Zeeuw CI, Hofer SB, Heimel JA, Levelt CN (2012) Elimination of inhibitory synapses is a major component of adult ocular dominance plasticity. Neuron 74(2):374–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.015
Vanderklish PW, Edelman GM (2002) Dendritic spines elongate after stimulation of group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99(3):1639–1644. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.032681099
Vitureira N, Goda Y (2013) Cell biology in neuroscience: the interplay between Hebbian and homeostatic synaptic plasticity. J Cell Biol 203(2):175–186. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201306030
Wang X, Bozdagi O, Nikitczuk JS, Zhai ZW, Zhou Q, Huntley GW (2008) Extracellular proteolysis by matrix metalloproteinase-9 drives dendritic spine enlargement and long-term potentiation coordinately. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(49):19520–19525. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0807248105
Wang K, Lin MT, Adelman JP, Maylie J (2014) Distinct Ca2+ sources in dendritic spines of hippocampal CA1 neurons couple to SK and Kv4 channels. Neuron 81(2):379–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.11.004
Washbourne P, Dityatev A, Scheiffele P, Biederer T, Weiner JA, Christopherson KS, El-Husseini A (2004) Cell adhesion molecules in synapse formation: figure 1. J Neurosci 24(42):9244–9249. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3339-04.2004
Watt AJ, Sjöström PJ, Häusser M, Nelson SB, Turrigiano GG (2004) A proportional but slower NMDA potentiation follows AMPA potentiation in LTP. Nat Neurosci 7(5):518–524. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1220
Weng J-Y, Ceballos C, Zecevic D (2023) Contribution of individual excitatory synapses on dendritic spines to electrical signalling. bioRxiv:2022.02.15.480607. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.15.480607
Wilson CJ (1984) Passive cable properties of dendritic spines and spiny neurons. J Neurosci 4(1):281–297. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-01-00281.1984
Xiong W, Chen WR (2002) Dynamic gating of spike propagation in the mitral cell lateral dendrites. Neuron 34(1):115–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00628-1
Yang Y, Wang X, Frerking M, Zhou Q (2008) Spine expansion and stabilization associated with long-term potentiation. J Neurosci 28(22):5740–5751. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3998-07.2008
Yasuda R (2017) Biophysics of biochemical signaling in dendritic spines: implications in synaptic plasticity. Biophys J 113(10):2152–2159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2017.07.029
Yuste R (2010) Dendritic spines. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Yuste R (2011) Dendritic spines and distributed circuits. Neuron 71(5):772–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.07.024
Yuste R (2013) Electrical compartmentalization in dendritic spines. Annu Rev Neurosci 36(1):429–449. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150455
Yuste R (2015) The discovery of dendritic spines by Cajal. Front Neuroanat 9:18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2015.00018
Yuste R, Bonhoeffer T (2001) Morphological changes in dendritic spines associated with long-term synaptic plasticity. Annu Rev Neurosci 24(1):1071–1089. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1071
Yuste R, Denk W (1995) Dendritic spines as basic functional units of neuronal integration. Nature 375(6533):682–684. https://doi.org/10.1038/375682a0
Yuste R, Tank DW (1996) Dendritic integration in mammalian neurons, a century after Cajal. Neuron 16(4):701–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80091-4
Yuste R, Majewska A, Cash SS, Denk W (1999) Mechanisms of calcium influx into hippocampal spines: heterogeneity among spines, coincidence detection by NMDA receptors, and optical quantal analysis. J Neurosci 19(6):1976–1987. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-06-01976.1999
Zaccard CR, Gippo I, Song A, Geula C, Penzes P (2023) Dendritic spinule-mediated structural synaptic plasticity: implications for development, aging, and psychiatric disease. Front Mol Neurosci 16:1059730. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2023.1059730
Zhou Q, Homma KJ, Poo M (2004) Shrinkage of dendritic spines associated with long-term depression of hippocampal synapses. Neuron 44(5):749–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.11.011
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Righes Marafiga, J., Calcagnotto, M.E. (2023). Electrophysiology of Dendritic Spines: Information Processing, Dynamic Compartmentalization, and Synaptic Plasticity. In: Rasia-Filho, A.A., Calcagnotto, M.E., von Bohlen und Halbach, O. (eds) Dendritic Spines. Advances in Neurobiology, vol 34. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-36158-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-36159-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)