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Food Chain Contamination and Impact of Xenobiotics on Human Health

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Xenobiotics in Urban Ecosystems

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Abstract

Environmental pollution affects several fields such as soil, sediments, air, and water systems. These are due to the rapid and uncontrollable growth of means of transport (ships, automobiles, trucks, trains, planes, etc.), in addition to the thousands of types of chemicals used at all levels. All these automatically lead to the contamination of the environment by all kinds of liquid, gaseous, and/or solid products and also the contamination of agricultural food and crops by pesticides and fertilizers applied directly into the soil. The foreign contaminants that exceptionally affect the soil can be considered as xenobiotics. Toxic substances that are naturally created by xenobiotics are known as natural poisons. No harm to the organisms, these toxins are dangerous if consumed by other animals or people. These chemical compounds have a wide range of toxicity because of their various structures and biological roles. In some cases, plants produce natural toxins to protect themselves against harmful microbes, or animals ingest toxin-producing xenobiotics. Toxins found in nature can have a wide range of negative impacts on human and cattle health. Toxins of this caliber can be lethal. The immune, reproductive, and nervous systems can be affected, and cancer can develop due to long-term exposure; in addition to microscopic algae and plankton found in oceans and lakes, there are other natural sources of poisons. These species create chemical compounds that are dangerous to humans but not fish or shellfish that eat the toxin producers. Toxins found in fish and shellfish can swiftly cause illness in humans who consume them. To keep humans safe, natural poisons must be minimized as much as possible. Toxins found in nature damage animal and human health and limit access to nutritious meals for the general population. The World Health Organization (WHO) encourages national authorities to keep track of the levels of natural toxins in their food supply and ensure they are kept as low as possible while still adhering to all applicable legal requirements and maximum levels, on a local as well as an international scale. Higher authorities also establish standards and restrictions to minimize exposure to natural poisons in certain foods. In this chapter, we have attempted to examine xenobiotic metabolism in the health of organisms and the effects of chemicals in contact with food.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria

    Bachir Ben Seghir, Soumeia Zeghoud, Hadia Hemmami & Ilham Ben Amor

  2. Renewable Energy Development Unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria

    Bachir Ben Seghir, Imane Kouadri, Abdelkrim Rebiai, Soumeia Zeghoud, Hadia Hemmami & Ilham Ben Amor

  3. Laboratory of Industrial Analysis and Materials Engineering (LAIGM), University of 8 May 1945, Guelma, Guelma, Algeria

    Bachir Ben Seghir & Imane Kouadri

  4. Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of 8 May 1945, Guelma, Algeria

    Imane Kouadri

  5. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria

    Mohammad Messaoudi & Abdelkrim Rebiai

  6. Nuclear Research Centre of Birine, Ain Oussera, Djelfa, Algeria

    Mohammad Messaoudi

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  1. Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

    Rishikesh Singh

  2. Department of Environmental Studies, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

    Pardeep Singh

  3. Department of Botany, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

    Sachchidanand Tripathi

  4. Department of Forestry, Wildlife & Environmental Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India

    K. K. Chandra

  5. Department of Environmental Studies, Delhi College of Arts and Commerce University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Rahul Bhadouria

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Ben Seghir, B. et al. (2023). Food Chain Contamination and Impact of Xenobiotics on Human Health. In: Singh, R., Singh, P., Tripathi, S., Chandra, K.K., Bhadouria, R. (eds) Xenobiotics in Urban Ecosystems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35775-6_6

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