Abstract
Members of the genus Dicrocoelium are cosmopolitan hermaphroditic trematodes, which commonly occur in the biliary system of ruminants, especially cattle and sheep. There are two intermediate hosts (land snails and ants) involved in the parasite life cycle, and the final host becomes infected after ingestion of the larvae containing ant. Light infections are generally symptomless; therefore, the disease is often get underestimated by practitioners and researchers. In humans, Dicrocoelium causes a rare food-borne zoonotic disease of the biliary tract. In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge on different aspects of Dicrocoelium and dicrocoeliosis/dicrocoeliasis, including biology, clinical presentations, pathogenesis, and diagnosis with special emphasis on the current and ancient epidemiology of this fascinating worm in Iran, covering 15 human cases from the Bronze Age to very 2022.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmadi R, Sikejor EM, Maleki M (2010) Prevalence of Dicrocoelium dendriticum infection in cattle, sheep and goat in Gilan province, northern Iran. J Anim Vet Sci 9(21):2723–2724. https://doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2010.2723.2724
Arfaa F, Kayvan E, Ghadirian E, Missaghian G (1977) Studies on intestinal helminthiasis in, north-east of Iran. Iran J Publich Health 6(1):24–29
Ashrafi K (2010) Human dicrocoeliasis in northern Iran: two case reports from Gilan province. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 104(4):351–353. https://doi.org/10.1179/136485910X12647085215813
Askari Z, Mas-Coma S, Bouwman AS, Boenke N, Stöllner T, Aali A, Rezaiian M, Mowlavi G (2018) Fasciola hepatica eggs in paleofaeces of the Persian onager Equus hemionus onager, a donkey from Chehrabad archaeological site, dating back to the Sassanid empire (224–651 AD), in ancient Iran. Infect Genet Evol 62:233–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.028
Bari S, Sarvi S, Daryani A, Ziaeei Hezarjaribi H, Arbabi M, Pirestani M, Mizani A (2016) Dicrocoelium dentriticum infection among domestic animals in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 25(132):367–375
Bizhani N, Sharifi AM, Rokni MB, Dupouy-Camet J, Rezaeian M, Fallah Kiapi M, Paknezhad N, Najafi F, Mowlavi G (2017) Dicrocoelium egg identified in an ancient cemetery in Kiasar archeological site, northern Iran, dated back 247 BC–224 AD. Iran J Public Health 46(6):792–795
Borji H, Azizzadeh M, Kamelli M (2012) A retrospective study of abattoir condemnation due to parasitic infections: economic importance in Ahwaz, southwestern Iran. J Parasitol 98(5):954–957. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-2988.1
Bouchet F, Harter S, Le Bailly M (2003) The state of the art of paleoparasitological research in the Old World. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98:95–101. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762003000900015
Dittmar K, Steyn M (2004) Paleoparasitological analysis of coprolites from K2, an Iron Age archaeological site in South Africa: the first finding of Dicrocoelium sp. eggs. J Parasitol 90(1):171–173. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-3224RN
Dittmar K, Teegen W (2003) The presence of Fasciola hepatica (liver-fluke) in humans and cattle from a 4,500 year old archaeological site in the Saale-Unstrut Valley, Germany. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98:141–143. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762003000900021
Engbaek K, Heuck C, Moody A (2003) Manual of basic techniques for a health laboratory, 2nd edn. World Health Organization, Geneva
Eslami A, Farsad-Hamdi S (1992) Helminth parasites of wild boar, Sus scrofa, in Iran. J Wildl Dis 28(2):316–318. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-28.2.316
Eslami A, Rahbari S, Nikbin S (1980) Gastro-intestinal nematodes of gazelle, Gazella subgutturosa, in Iran. Vet Parasitol 7(1):75–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(80)90012-6
Farid H (1971) Human infection with Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum in Isfahan area, Central Iran. J Parasitol 57(1):160. https://doi.org/10.2307/3277773
GBIF (2022) Global biodiversity information facility https://www.gbif.org. Accessed 15 Apr 2022
Harter S (2003) Implication de la Paléoparasitologie dans l’étude des populations anciennes de la vallée du Nil et de proche-orient: étude de cas. Université de Reims - Champagne Ardenne
Insoll T, Hutchins E (2005) The archaeology of disease: molluscs as potential disease indicators in Bahrain. World Archaeol 37(4):579–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438240500411230
Jeandron A, Rinaldi L, Abdyldaieva G, Usubalieva J, Steinmann P, Cringoli G, Utzinger J (2011) Human infections with Dicrocoelium dendriticum in Kyrgyzstan: the tip of the iceberg? J Parasitol 97(6):1170–1173
Jouy-Avantin F, Combes C, Miskovsky J-C, Moné H (1999) Helminth eggs in animal coprolites from a Middle Pleistocene site in Europe. J Parasitol 85(2):376–379. https://doi.org/10.2307/3285652
Kiani B, Budke CM, Shams Abadi E, Hashtarkhani S, Raouf Rahmati A, AkbarPour M, Zarean M, Hosseini Farash BR, Kiani F, Moghaddas E (2021) Evaluation of zoonotic platyhelminthe infections identified in slaughtered livestock in Iran, 2015–2019. BMC Vet Res 17:185. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-02888-9
Lavilla-Salgado C, Carranza-RodrĂguez C, PĂ©rez Arellano JL (2021) True Dicrocoelium spp. infection in an immigrant traveler (VFR). Am J Trop Med Hyg 104(6):1949–1950. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1354
Le Bailly M, Bouchet F (2010) Ancient dicrocoeliosis: occurrence, distribution and migration. Acta Trop 115(3):175–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.03.004
Mahmoodi M, Ramazani ARZ, Izadi S, Najafian J (2010) Dicrocoeliiasis with signs of chronic diarrhea. Acta Med Iran 48(3):202–203
Makki M, Dupouy-Camet J, Sajjadi SMS, Naddaf SR, Mobedi I, Rezaeian M, Mohebali M, Mowlavi G (2017) First paleoparasitological report on the animal feces of bronze age excavated from Shahr-e Sukhteh, Iran. Korean J Parasitol 55(2):197–201. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.197
Manga-GonzĂ¡lez MY, GonzĂ¡lez-Lanza C, Cabanas E, Campo R (2001) Contributions to and review of dicrocoeliosis, with special reference to the intermediate hosts of Dicrocoelium dendriticum. Parasitology 123(7):91–114. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182001008204
Moure Z, Zarzuela F, Espasa M, Pou D, Serre-Delcor N, Treviño B, Bocanegra C, Molina I, Pumarola T, Sulleiro E (2017) Dicrocoelium dendriticum: an unusual parasitological diagnosis in a reference international health unit. Am J Trop Med Hyg 96(2):355. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0549
Mowlavi G, Mokhtarian K, Makki MS, Mobedi I, Masoumian M, Naseri R, Hoseini G, Nekouei P, Mas-Coma S (2015) Dicrocoelium dendriticum found in a Bronze Age cemetery in western Iran in the pre-Persepolis period: the oldest Asian palaeofinding in the present human infection hottest spot region. Parasitol Int 64(5):251–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2015.02.007
Nazarbeigy M, Halajian A, Amadi A (2021) Checklist of digenean trematodes of Iran. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep 24:100571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100571
Nezamabadi M (2014) New contribution of paleoparasitology in the middle east and first data on the Iranian plateau adjacent area. Laboratoire Chrono-Environment, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon
Nezamabadi M, Aali A, Stöllner T, Mashkour M, Le Bailly M (2013) Paleoparasitological analysis of samples from the Chehrabad salt mine (northwestern Iran). Int J Paleopathol 3(3):229–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2013.03.003
Otranto D, Traversa D (2002) A review of dicrocoeliosis of ruminants including recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment. Vet Parasitol 107(4):317–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00121-8
Otranto D, Traversa D (2003) Dicrocoeliosis of ruminants: a little known fluke disease. Trends Parasitol 19(1):12–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4922(02)00009-0
Otranto D, Rehbein S, Weigl S, Cantacessi C, Parisi A, Lia RP, Olson PD (2007) Morphological and molecular differentiation between Dicrocoelium dendriticum (Rudolphi, 1819) and Dicrocoelium chinensis (Sudarikov and Ryjikov, 1951) Tang and Tang, 1978 (Platyhelminthes: Digenea). Acta Trop 104(2–3):91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.07.008
Rafyi A, Alavi A, Maghami G (1971) Etat actuel de nos connaissances sur les Maladies parasitaires les plus importantès en Iran et LĂ¹tte contre ces Maladies. Arch Razi Inst 23 (1):45–49. https://doi.org/10.22092/ari.1971.108695
Sadeghi H, Borji H (2015) A survey of intestinal parasites in a population in Qazvin, north of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 5(3):231–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60659-9
Savinetsky AB, Khrustalev AV (2013) Paleoparasitological investigations in Mongolia, middle Asia and Russia. Int J Paleopathol 3(3):176–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2013.09.004
Sazmand A (2021) Paleoparasitology and archaeoparasitology in Iran: a retrospective in differential diagnosis. Int J Paleopathol 32:50–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2020.11.005
Sazmand A, Joachim A (2017) Parasitic diseases of camels in Iran (1931-2017)- a literature review. Parasite 24:21. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2017024
Sazmand A, Joachim A, Otranto D (2019) Zoonotic parasites of dromedary camels: so important, so ignored. Parasite Vectors 12:610. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3863-3
Sazmand A, Bahari A, Papi S, Otranto D (2020) Parasitic diseases of equids in Iran (1931–2020): a literature review. Parasites Vectors 13:586. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04472-w
Sohrabi A (1973) Dicrocelium dendriticum and report of the first human case in Iran. Tehran Univ Med J 30(8):262–264
Stensgaard A-S, Vounatsou P, Sengupta ME, Utzinger J (2019) Schistosomes, snails and climate change: current trends and future expectations. Acta Trop 190:257–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.09.013
Toledo R, Fried B (2019) Digenetic trematodes, 2nd edn. Springer, Cham
Zias JE, Tabor JD, Harter-Lailheugue S (2006) Toilets at Qumran, the Essenes, and the scrolls: new anthropological data and old theories. Rev Qumran 22(4):631–640
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sazmand, A., Nourian, A., Nezamabadi, M. (2023). Dicrocoelium in Iran: From Bronze Age to the Twenty-First Century. In: Mehlhorn, H., Wu, X., Wu, Z. (eds) Infectious Diseases along the Silk Roads. Parasitology Research Monographs, vol 17. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35275-1_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35275-1_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-35274-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-35275-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)