Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Towards Cognitive Bots: Architectural Research Challenges

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI 2023)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 13921))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

Software bots operating in multiple virtual digital platforms must understand the platforms’ affordances and behave like human users. Platform affordances or features differ from one application platform to another or through a life cycle, requiring such bots to be adaptable. Moreover, bots in such platforms could cooperate with humans or other software agents for work or to learn specific behavior patterns. However, present-day bots, particularly chatbots, other than language processing and prediction, are far from reaching a human user’s behavior level within complex business information systems. They lack the cognitive capabilities to sense and act in such virtual environments, rendering their development a challenge to artificial general intelligence research. In this study, we problematize and investigate assumptions in conceptualizing software bot architecture by directing attention to significant architectural research challenges in developing cognitive bots endowed with complex behavior for operation on information systems. As an outlook, we propose alternate architectural assumptions to consider in future bot design and bot development frameworks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Lebeuf, C.R.: A taxonomy of software bots: towards a deeper understanding of software bot characteristics. PhD thesis, UVic (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Etzioni, O.: Intelligence without robots: a reply to brooks. AI Mag. 14(4), 7 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Charpenay, V., Amundsen, M., Mayer, S., Padget, J., Schraudner, D., Vachtsevanou, D.: 6.2 affordances and signifiers. Auto. Agents Web, 67 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Lemee, J., Vachtsevanou, D., Mayer, S., Ciortea, A.: Signifiers for affordance-driven multi-agent systems. In: EMAS (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Goertzel, B.: Toward a formal model of cognitive synergy (2017). arXiv:1703.04361

  6. Ivančić, L., Suša Vugec, D., Bosilj Vukšić, V.: Robotic process automation: systematic literature review. In: Di Ciccio, C., et al. (eds.) BPM 2019. LNBIP, vol. 361, pp. 280–295. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30429-4_19

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  7. Engel, C., Ebel, P., Leimeister, J.M.: Cognitive automation. Electr. Mark. 32(1), 339–350 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Russell, S.J.: Artificial Intelligence a Modern Approach. Pearson Edu., London (2010)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. Yampolskiy, R.V.: AI-complete, AI-hard, or AI-easy-classification of problems in AI. In: MAICS (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Goertzel, B., Pennachin, C., Geisweiller, N.: Engineering general intelligence, Part 1. Atlantis Think. Mach. 5 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Goertzel, B., Pennachin, C., Geisweiller, N.: Natural language generation. In: Engineering General Intelligence, Part 2. ATM, vol. 6, pp. 487–495. Atlantis Press, Paris (2014). https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-030-0_28

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. Rosenbloom, P.S.: Thoughts on architecture. In: Goertzel, B., Ikle, M., Potapov, A., Ponomaryov, D. (eds.) Artificial General Intelligence. AGI 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol. 13539. Springer, Cham (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19907-3_35

  13. Lieto, A., Bhatt, M., Oltramari, A., Vernon, D.: The role of cognitive architectures in general artificial intelligence (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Fountain, A.M., Hall, W., Heath, I., Davis, H.C.: MICROCOSM: an open model for hypermedia with dynamic linking. In: ECHT, vol. 90, pp. 298–311 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Nelson, T.H.: Complex information processing: a file structure for the complex, the changing and the indeterminate. In: ACM National Conference, pp. 84–100 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Gibson, J. J.: The Theory of Affordances, vol. 1(2), pp. 67–82. Hilldale, USA (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Vachtsevanou, D., Ciortea, A., Mayer, S., Lemee, J.: Signifiers as a first-class abstraction in hypermedia multi-agent systems (2023). arXiv:2302.06970

  18. Wooldridge, M.: An Introduction to Multiagent Systems. John wiley & sons, Hoboken (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Brooks, R.A.: Intelligence without representation. AI 47(1–3), 139–159 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ciortea, A., Mayer, S., Boissier, O., Gandon, F.: Exploiting interaction affordances: on engineering autonomous systems for the web of things (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Gur, I., Rueckert, U., Faust, A., Hakkani-Tur, D.: Learning to navigate the web (2018). arXiv:1812.09195

  22. Shi, T., Karpathy, A., Fan, L., Hernandez, J., Liang, P.: World of bits: an open-domain platform for web-based agents. In: ICML, pp. 3135–3144. PMLR (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Gur, I., et al.: Understanding HTML with large language models (2022). arXiv:2210.03945

  24. Huang, S., et al.: Language is not all you need: aligning perception with language models (2023). arXiv:2302.14045

  25. Pennachin, C., Goertzel, B.: Contemporary approaches to artificial general intelligence. AGI, 1–30 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Turing, A.M.: Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1950)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Taylor, T., et al.: WebAL comes of age: a review of the first 21 years of artificial life on the web. Artif. Life 22(3), 364–407 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Schöner G.: Dynamical systems approaches to cognition. In: Cambridge Handbook of Computational Cognitive Modeling, pp. 101–126 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Vernon, D.: Cognitive architectures. In: Cognitive Robotics. MIT Press, Cambridge (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Fan, X., Markram, H.: A brief history of simulation neuroscience. Front. Neuroinform. 13, 32 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Walter, F.: Advanced Embodied Learning. PhD thesis, TUM (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Knoll, A., Walter, F.: Neurorobotics-a unique opportunity for ground breaking research (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Momennejad, I.: A rubric for human-like agents and NeuroAI. Philos. Trans. 378(1869), 20210446 (2023)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Maass, W.: Networks of spiking neurons: the third generation of neural network models. Neural Netw. 10(9), 1659–1671 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Knoll, A., Gewaltig, M.O., Sanders, J., Oberst, J.: Neurorobotics: a strategic pillar of the human brain project. Sci. Robot., 2–3 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Soon, G.K., On, C.K., Anthony, P., Hamdan, A.R.: A review on agent communication language. In: Computational Science and Technology. LNEE, vol. 481, pp. 481–491. Springer, Singapore (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2622-6_47

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  37. Hübner, J.F.: 4.5 About the place of agents in the web. Auto. Agents Web, 44 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Hillmann, P., Uhlig, T., Rodosek, G.D., Rose, O.: A novel multi-agent system for complex scheduling problems. In: WSC2014. IEEE (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Holz, T., Campbell, A.G., O’ Hare, G.M., Stafford, J.W., Martin, A., Dragone, M.: Mira - mixed reality agents. Hum.-Comput. stud. 69(4), 251–268 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Minsky, M.: Society of Mind. Simon and Schuster, New York (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Tononi, G.: Integrated information theory. Scholarpedia 10(1), 4164 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Friston, K.: The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory? Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11(2), 127–138 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Goertzel, B.: Artificial general intelligence: concept, state of the art, and future prospects. AGI 5(1), 1 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Dorri, A., Kanhere, S.S., Jurdak, R.: Multi-agent systems: a survey. Access IEEE 6, 28573–28593 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Boissier, O., Ciortea, A, Harth, A., Ricci, A.: Autonomous agents on the web. In: DS 21072, p. 100p (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Goertzel, B., Pennachin, C., Geisweiller, N.: The engineering and development of ethics. In: Engineering General Intelligence, Part 1. ATM, vol. 5, pp. 245–287. Atlantis Press, Paris (2014). https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-027-0_13

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  47. Christian, B.: The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values. WW Norton & Company, Midtown Manhattan (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Coeckelbergh, M.: AI Ethics. MIT Press, Cambridge (2020)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  49. Kampik, T., et al.: Norms and policies for agents on the web. Auto, Agents Web (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Vogel-Heuser, B., Seitz, M., Cruz Salazar, L. A., Gehlhoff, F., Dogan, A., Fay, A.: Multi-agent systems to enable industry 4.0. at-Automatisierungstechnik 68(6), 445–458 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Wessel, M., et al.: The power of bots: characterizing and understanding bots in OSS projects. PACM:HCI 2(CSCW), 1–19 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Hukal, P., Berente, N., Germonprez, M., Schecter, A.: Bots coordinating work in open source software projects. Computer 52(9), 52–60 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Kampik, T., et al.: Governance of autonomous agents on the web: challenges and opportunities. ACM TOIT 22(4), 1–31 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Patrick, A.S.: Building trustworthy software agents. IEEE Internet Comput. 6(6), 46–53 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Kaur, D., Uslu, S., Rittichier, K.J., Durresi, A.: Trustworthy artificial intelligence: a review. ACM CSUR 55(2), 1–38 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universität der Bundeswehr München, Munich, Germany

    Habtom Kahsay Gidey, Peter Hillmann & Andreas Karcher

  2. Technische Universität München, München, Germany

    Alois Knoll

Authors
  1. Habtom Kahsay Gidey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peter Hillmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Andreas Karcher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Alois Knoll
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Habtom Kahsay Gidey .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

    Patrick Hammer

  2. Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

    Marjan Alirezaie

  3. University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Claes Strannegård

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Gidey, H.K., Hillmann, P., Karcher, A., Knoll, A. (2023). Towards Cognitive Bots: Architectural Research Challenges. In: Hammer, P., Alirezaie, M., Strannegård, C. (eds) Artificial General Intelligence. AGI 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 13921. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33469-6_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33469-6_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-33468-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-33469-6

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation