Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Carotido-Vertebral Anastomoses

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Anatomy of Cranial Arteries, Embryology and Variants

  • 345 Accesses

Abstract

During the early embryological life, the posterior circulation of the brain is temporarily supplied by ephemeral arteries coming from the carotid system [1, 2]. Even if these embryonic arteries are present during a very short period, they could rarely persist in adult life. Some of them, as the persistent trigeminal artery (TA), are well-known and recognized entities [3]. On the contrary, the persistence of the otic artery is very rare and not recognized by all authors [3]. Another particularity is the persistent glosso-pharyngeal artery that was clearly described few times in adults, but its embryonic precursor was not seen in embryo’s studies. In this chapter, we will focus on each carotido-vertebral anastomosis described in the adult after a reminder of embryological knowledge.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Altmann F. Anomalies of the internal carotid artery and its branches; their embryological and comparative anatomical significance; report of a new case of persistent stapedial artery in man. Laryngoscope. 1947;57(5):313–39.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Padget DH. The development of cranial arteries in the human embryo. Contrib Embryol Carneg Instn. 1948;212:205–62.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Lasjaunias P, Bereinstein A, Ter Brugge KG. Surgical neuroangiography. Berlin: Springer; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bertulli L, Robert T. Embryological development of the human cranio-facial arterial system: a pictorial review. Surg Radiol Anat. 2021;43(6):961–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-021-02684-y.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Quain R. The anatomy of the arteries of the human body and its applications to pathology and operative surgery with a series of lithographic drawings. London: Taylor and Walton; 1844.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Sutton D. Anomalous carotid-basilar anastomosis. Br J Radiol. 1950;23(274):617–9. https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-23-274-617.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Azab W, Delashaw J, Mohammed M. Persistent primitive trigeminal artery: a review. Turk Neurosurg. 2012;22(4):399–406. https://doi.org/10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.4427-11.1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Weon YC, Choi SH, Hwang JC, Shin SH, Kwon WJ, Kang BS. Classification of persistent primitive trigeminal artery (PPTA): a reconsideration based on MRA. Acta Radiol. 2011;52(9):1043–51. https://doi.org/10.1258/ar.2011.110191.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Suttner N, Mura J, Tedeschi H, Ferreira MA, Wen HT, de Oliveira E, et al. Persistent trigeminal artery: a unique anatomic specimen–analysis and therapeutic implications. Neurosurgery. 2000;47(2):428–33; discussion 33–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200008000-00030.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Xu Y, Kong Y, Xu Y, Wang P. The protective effect of persistent trigeminal artery in patients with ischemic stroke. BMC Neurol. 2019;19(1):158. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-019-1374-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Vasovic L, Jovanovic I, Ugrenovic S, Vlajkovic S, Jovanovic P, Stojanovic V. Trigeminal artery: a review of normal and pathological features. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012;28(1):33–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-011-1622-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Meckel S, Spittau B, McAuliffe W. The persistent trigeminal artery: development, imaging anatomy, variants, and associated vascular pathologies. Neuroradiology. 2013;55(1):5–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-011-0995-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Brzegowy K, Pekala PA, Zarzecki MP, Pekala JR, Roy J, Aziz HM, et al. Prevalence and clinical implications of the primitive trigeminal artery and its variants: a meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2020;133:e401–e11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.09.042.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. O’Uchi E, O’Uchi T. Persistent primitive trigeminal arteries (PTA) and its variant (PTAV): analysis of 103 cases detected in 16,415 cases of MRA over 3 years. Neuroradiology. 2010;52(12):1111–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-010-0669-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Komatsu F, Komatsu M, Di Ieva A, Tschabitscher M. Endoscopic anatomy of persistent trigeminal artery: a cadaveric study. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2011;54(5-6):223–7. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1287831.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Pereira LP, Nepomuceno LA, Coimbra PP, Oliveira Neto SR, Natal MR. Persistent trigeminal artery: angio-tomography and angio-magnetic resonance finding. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2009;67(3B):882–5. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2009000500019.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Rath S, Mathai KV, Chandy J. Persistent trigeminal artery. Arch Neurol. 1968;19(1):121–2. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1968.00480010139012.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Salas E, Ziyal IM, Sekhar LN, Wright DC. Persistent trigeminal artery: an anatomic study. Neurosurgery. 1998;43(3):557–61; discussion 61–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199809000-00082.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Uchino A, Saito N, Okada Y, Kozawa E, Mizukoshi W, Inoue K, et al. Persistent trigeminal artery and its variants on MR angiography. Surg Radiol Anat. 2012;34(3):271–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-011-0848-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ohshiro S, Inoue T, Hamada Y, Matsuno H. Branches of the persistent primitive trigeminal artery–an autopsy case. Neurosurgery. 1993;32(1):144–8. https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199301000-00025.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ahuja A, Graves VB, Crosby DL, Strother CM. Anomalous origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery from the internal carotid artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1992;13(6):1625–6.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Ali S, Radaideh MM, Shaibani A, Russell EJ, Walker MT. Persistent trigeminal artery terminating in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery: case report. Neurosurgery. 2008;62(3):E746–8; discussion 8. https://doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000317327.17225.f8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cobb SR, Hieshima GB, Mehringer CM, Grinnell VS, Pribram HW. Persistent trigeminal artery variant. Carotid-anterior inferior cerebellar artery anastomosis. Surg Neurol. 1983;19(3):263–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-3019(83)80013-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Haughton VM, Rosenbaum AE, Pearce J. Internal carotid artery origins of the inferior cerebellar arteries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1978;130(6):1191–2. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.130.6.1191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Lee GY, Heo YJ, Jung HS, Choo HJ, Cho YJ, Jeong HW, et al. Persistent trigeminal artery variant terminating in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery: a case report. Surg Radiol Anat. 2018;40(2):237–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-017-1933-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lochner P, Zuccoli G, Brigo F, Tezzon F, Trinka E, Nardone R. Persistent trigeminal artery: an unusual rescue vessel collateralization? Can J Neurol Sci. 2013;40(3):429–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100014438.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Raphaeli G, Bandeira A, Mine B, Brisbois D, Lubicz B. A rare variant of persistent trigeminal artery: cavernous carotid-cerebellar artery anastomosis--a case report and a systematic review. Cerebellum. 2009;8(4):445–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-009-0120-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Teal JS, Rumbaugh CL, Bergeron RT, Scanlan RL, Segall HD. Persistent carotid-superior cerebellar artery anastomosis: a variant of persistent trigeminal artery. Radiology. 1972;103(2):335–41. https://doi.org/10.1148/103.2.335.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Siqueira M, Piske R, Ono M, Marino JR. Cerebellar arteries originating from the internal carotid artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1993;14(5):1229–35.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Sulima K, Chojdak-Lukasiewicz J, Paradowski B, Guzinski M. Persistent trigeminal artery as a rare cause of vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2021;81(3):785–90. https://doi.org/10.5603/FM.a2021.0067.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Lee K, Park H, Park I, Han J. Persistent primitive trigeminal artery that mimics persistent primitive otic artery on cerebral angiography. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg. 2016;18(2):120–3. https://doi.org/10.7461/jcen.2016.18.2.120.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Tyagi G, Sadashiva N, Konar S, Aravinda HR, Saini J, Shukla D, et al. Persistent trigeminal artery: neuroanatomic and clinical relevance. World Neurosurg. 2020;134:e214–e23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.10.025.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Schmid AH. Presistent trigeminal artery.An autopsy report. Neuroradiology. 1974;7(3):173–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00344324.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Paksoy Y, SEker M, Kalkan E. Klippel-Feil syndrome associated with persistent trigeminal artery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29(9):E193–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200405010-00024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Inoue T, Rhoton AL Jr, Theele D, Barry ME. Surgical approaches to the cavernous sinus: a microsurgical study. Neurosurgery. 1990;26(6):903–32. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199006000-00001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Tulsi RS, Locket NA. Persistent trigeminal artery: an anatomical study. Aust N Z J Surg. 1985;55(4):397–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.1985.tb00908.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Saltzman GF. Patent primitive trigeminal artery studied by cerebral angiography. Acta Radiol. 1959;51(5):329–36. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016925909171103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Chen YC, Li MH, Chen SW, Hu DJ, Qiao RH. Incidental findings of persistent primitive trigeminal artery on 3-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography at 3.0 T: an analysis of 25 cases. J Neuroimaging. 2011;21(2):152–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6569.2010.00472.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Parkinson D, Shields CB. Persistent trigeminal artery: its relationship to the normal branches of the cavernous carotid. J Neurosurg. 1974;40(2):244–8. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1974.40.2.0244.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Fu C, Zhao C, Li D, Sun L, Hu Z, Yu W. Primitive trigeminal artery as a rare cause of trigeminal neuralgia. Vasa. 2015;44(2):140–4. https://doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Diana F, Mangiafico S, Valente V, Wlderk A, Grillea G, Colonnese C, et al. Persistent trigeminal artery aneurysms: case report and systematic review. J Neurointerv Surg. 2019;11(12):1261–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2019-015046.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Khodadad G. Persistent trigeminal artery in the fetus. Radiology. 1976;121(3 Pt. 1):653–6. https://doi.org/10.1148/121.3.653.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Arakawa T, Koizumi M, Terashima T, Honma S, Kawai K, Kodama K, et al. Two anatomical autopsy cases of direct communication between a persistent primitive trigeminal artery and an anterior inferior cerebellar artery. Ann Anat. 2007;189(5):489–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2006.11.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Lie TA. Congenital anomalies of the carotid arteries: including the carotid-basilar and carotid-vertebral anastomoses. An angiographic study and a review of the literature. An Excerpta Medica Monograph. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Engelhardt J, El Hage G, Bojanowski MW. Persistent trigeminal artery as collateral circulation in ischemic stroke. World Neurosurg. 2021;148:67–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2021.01.034.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Chiang FL, Zafar AM, Bazan C 3rd. Persistent trigeminal artery communicating with a fetal posterior communicating artery: a case report. Neuroradiol J. 2017;30(2):172–4. https://doi.org/10.1177/1971400916684668.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Lam JJH, Shah M, Chung SL, Ho CL. Persistent primitive trigeminal artery associated with a cavernous carotid aneurysm. Case report and literature review. J Radiol Case Rep. 2018;12(11):1–11. https://doi.org/10.3941/jrcr.v12i11.3500.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Namba K. Carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses with reference to their segmental property. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2017;57(6):267–77. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.ra.2017-0050.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Tomsick TA, Lukin RR, Chambers AA. Persistent trigeminal artery: unusual associated abnormalities. Neuroradiology. 1979;17(5):253–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00337535.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Eluvathingal Muttikkal TJ, Varghese SP, Chavan VN. Persistent trigeminal artery and associated vascular variations. Australas Radiol. 2007;51:B31–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1673.2007.01828.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Kim D, Baek JW, Heo YJ, Jeong HW. Congenital absence of the internal carotid artery with a persistent primitive trigeminal artery as a collateral pathway: a report of an anatomic variation. Surg Radiol Anat. 2018;40(7):811–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-018-2025-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Rivera R, Choi IS, Sordo JG, Giacaman P, Badilla L, Bravo E, et al. Unusual origin of the left ophthalmic artery from the basilar trunk. Surg Radiol Anat. 2015;37(4):399–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-014-1327-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Ling MM, Gupta M, Acharya J. Trigeminal neuralgia associated with a variant of persistent trigeminal artery. Radiol Case Rep. 2020;15(11):2225–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radcr.2020.08.057.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Freitas PE, Aquini MG, Chemale I. Persistent primitive trigeminal artery aneurysm. Surg Neurol. 1986;26(4):373–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-3019(86)90139-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Enomoto T, Sato A, Maki Y. Carotid-cavernous sinus fistula caused by rupture of a primitive trigeminal artery aneurysm. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1977;46(3):373–6. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1977.46.3.0373.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Tokunaga K, Sugiu K, Kameda M, Sakai K, Terasaka K, Higashi T, et al. Persistent primitive trigeminal artery-cavernous sinus fistula with intracerebral hemorrhage: endovascular treatment using detachable coils in a transarterial double-catheter technique. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 2004;101(4):697–9. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2004.101.4.0697.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Panda A, Arora A, Jana M. Persistent primitive trigeminal artery: an unusual cause of vascular tinnitus. Case Rep Otolaryngol. 2013;2013:275820. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/275820.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Battista RA, Kwartler JA, Martinez DM. Persistent trigeminal artery as a cause of dizziness. Ear Nose Throat J. 1997;76(1):43–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Morita A, Fukushima T, Miyazaki S, Shimizu T, Atsuchi M. Tic douloureux caused by primitive trigeminal artery or its variant. J Neurosurg. 1989;70(3):415–9. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1989.70.3.0415.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Campbell RL, Dyken ML. Four cases of carotid-basilar anastomosis associated with central nervous system dysfunction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1961;24:250–3. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.24.3.250.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Wise BL, Palubinskas AJ. Persistent trigeminal artery (carotid-basilar anastomosis). J Neurosurg. 1964;21:199–206. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1964.21.3.0199.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Carella A, Cavone L, Lamberti P. Vestigial carotido-basilar anastomosis. Presentation of 8 cases. Acta Neurol (Napoli). 1969;24(5):687–700.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Franz M, Berlit P, Tornow K. General dysplasia of the cerebral arteries with persistent primitive acoustic artery and giant aneurysm. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 1989;238(4):196–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381464.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kaido T, Nakase H, Uranishi R, Sakaki T. Anomalous internal carotid artery in a patient with pituitary adenoma. Case illustration. J Neurosurg. 1999;91(4):710. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1999.91.4.0710.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Karasawa J, Kikuchi H, Furuse S, Sakaki T, Yoshida Y, Ohnishi H. Bilateral persistent carotid-basilar anastomoses. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1976;127(6):1053–6. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.127.6.1053.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kempe LG, Smith DR. Trigeminal neuralgia, facial spasm, intermedius and glossopharyngeal neuralgia with persistent carotid basilar anastomosis. J Neurosurg. 1969;31(4):445–51. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1969.31.4.0445.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Patel AB, Gandhi CD, Bederson JB. Angiographic documentation of a persistent otic artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24(1):124–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Petik B, Colak D, Sirik M, Erturk SM. Rare variants of carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses. J Belg Soc Radiol. 2016;100(1):74. https://doi.org/10.5334/jbr-btr.1167.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Reynolds AF Jr, Stovring J, Turner PT. Persistent otic artery. Surg Neurol. 1980;13(2):115–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Tubbs RS, Mortazavi MM, Denardo AJ, Cohen-Gadol AA. Persistence of the otic artery with neurological sequelae: case report. Surg Radiol Anat. 2012;34(2):191–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-011-0853-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Zhang CW, Xie XD, Yang ZG, Wang CH, You C, Mao BY, et al. Giant cavernous aneurysm associated with a persistent trigeminal artery and persistent otic artery. Korean J Radiol. 2009;10(5):519–22. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2009.10.5.519.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Lie TA. The congenital anomalies of the carotid arteries. Amsterdam, NY: Excerpta Medica Foundation; 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Bhattacharya JJ, Lamin S, Thammaroj J. Otic or mythic? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(1):160–2; author reply 2.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Croft HJ. Persistent otic artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(1):162; author reply.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Teal JS, Rumbaugh CL, Segall HD, Bergeron RT. Anomalous branches of the internal cartoid artery. Radiology. 1973;106(3):567–73. https://doi.org/10.1148/106.3.567.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Lasjaunias P, Guibert-Tranier F, Braun JP. The pharyngo-cerebellar artery or ascending pharyngeal artery origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. J Neuroradiol. 1981;8(4):317–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Effendi K, Magro E, Gentric JC, Darsaut TE, Raymond J, Seizeur R, et al. Anastomosis between the ascending pharyngeal artery and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery through the jugular foramen: a cadaveric observation. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2016;12(2):163–7. https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0000000000001098.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Fujihara F, Takahara M, Katsuta T, Takemoto K, Higashi T, Inoue T. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery originating from the jugular branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery. NMC Case Rep J. 2019;6(1):21–4. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmccrj.cr.2018-0171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Iihoshi S, Kohyama S. Anomalous origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery from the jugular branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery: a case report. Radiol Case Rep. 2020;15(9):1697–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radcr.2020.06.051.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Ryu B, Anami H, Ishikawa T, Inoue T, Sugiura M, Kawamata T. Extremely rare persistent primitive artery passing through the jugular foramen with symptomatic ipsilateral carotid artery stenosis. Acta Neurochir. 2016;158(10):1925–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-016-2896-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Thomas KL, Hughes MA, Frederickson AM, Branstetter BFt, Vilensky JA, Sekula RF. Hemifacial spasm caused by an aberrant jugular branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery. Br J Neurosurg. 2015;29(1):97–9. https://doi.org/10.3109/02688697.2014.957158.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Uchino A, Ohno H, Kondo R, Ishihara S. Ascending pharyngeal artery-posterior inferior cerebellar artery anastomosis via the jugular foramen: a case report and literature review. Surg Radiol Anat. 2021;43(6):1019–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-020-02667-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Uchino A, Suzuki C. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery supplied by the jugular branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery diagnosed by MR angiography: report of two cases. Cerebellum. 2011;10(2):204–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-011-0267-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Moffat DB, Morris ED. Abnormal origin of the basilar artery from the cervical part of the internal carotid and its embryological significance. Anat Rec. 1956;125(4):701–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091250404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Begg AC. Radiographic demonstration of the “hypoglossal artery”. A rare type of persistent anomalous carotidbasilar anastomosis. Clin Radiol. 1961;12:187–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(61)80007-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Gilmartin D. Hypoglossal artery associated with internal carotid stenosis. Br J Radiol. 1963;36:849–51. https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-36-431-849.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Udvarhelyi GB, Lai M. Subarachnoid haemorrhage due to rupture of an aneurysm on a persistent left hypoglossal artery. Br J Radiol. 1963;36:843–7. https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-36-431-843.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Blain JG, Logothetis J. The persistent hypoglossal artery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1966;29(4):346–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.29.4.346.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Zhang L, Song G, Chen L, Jiao L, Chen Y, Wang Y. Concomitant asymptomatic internal carotid artery and persistent primitive hypoglossal artery stenosis treated by endovascular stenting with proximal embolic protection. J Vasc Surg. 2016;63(1):237–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2014.04.066.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Uchino A, Suzuki C. Variant of a persistent hypoglossal artery supplying only the posterior inferior cerebellar artery diagnosed by magnetic resonance angiography: a case report. Surg Radiol Anat. 2018;40(7):807–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-018-1970-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Yamamoto R, Mori N, Nakae Y, Tanaka F, Johkura K. Anomalous anastomosis between the external carotid artery and vertebrobasilar artery via the hypoglossal canal: a case report and review of literature. Surg Radiol Anat. 2019;41(7):849–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-019-02205-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Uchino A. Carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomosis: magnetic resonance and computed tomographic angiographic demonstration. Jpn J Radiol. 2019;37(8):565–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-019-00847-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Uchino A, Saito N, Okada Y, Kozawa E, Nishi N, Mizukoshi W, et al. Persistent hypoglossal artery and its variants diagnosed by CT and MR angiography. Neuroradiology. 2013;55(1):17–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-012-1074-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Matsumura M, Nojiri K, Yumoto Y. Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery associated with Arnold-Chiari type I malformation. Surg Neurol. 1985;24(3):241–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-3019(85)90029-1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Pasco A, Papon X, Bracard S, Tanguy JY, Ter Minassian A, Mercier P. Persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses: how and why differentiating them? J Neuroradiol. 2004;31(5):391–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0150-9861(04)97022-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Brismar J. Persistent hypoglossal artery, diagnostic criteria. Report of a case. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1976;17(2):160–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/028418517601700204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Garge S, Moses V, Keshava S, Ahmed M, Moorthy R. Persistent hypoglossal arteries with aneurysmal dilation of left hypoglossal artery: a rare case report and review of the literature. BJR Case Rep. 2016;2(2):20150301. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjrcr.20150301.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Murai S, Kusaka N, Umakoshi M, Itami H, Otsuka S, Nishiura T, et al. Stenting for internal carotid artery stenosis associated with persistent primitive hypoglossal artery using proximal flow blockade and distal protection system: a technical case report and literature review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016;25(6):e98–e102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.03.026.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Lee EJ, Chang HW, Cho CH, Kim E, Lee SK, Kwon JH. Rare variant of persistent primitive hypoglossal artery in magnetic resonance angiography. Surg Radiol Anat. 2010;32(8):801–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-010-0664-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Meguro T, Terada K, Hirotsune N, Nishino S, Asano T. Unusual variant of persistent primitive hypoglossal artery. Br J Radiol. 2007;80(960):e314–6. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/17918337.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Nakamura M, Kobayashi S, Yoshida T, Kamagata M, Sasaki T. Persistent external carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomosis via the hypoglossal canal. Neuroradiology. 2000;42(11):821–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002340000337.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Nanto M, Takado M, Ohbuchi H, Mandai A, Osaka Y, Nakahara Y, et al. Rare variant of persistent primitive hypoglossal artery, arising from the external carotid artery. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2012;52(7):513–5. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.52.513.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Sabouri S, Ebrahimzadeh SA, Rahimian N. Unusual variant of persistent primitive hypoglossal artery diagnosed by CT angiography: a case report and literature review. Clin Neuroradiol. 2014;24(1):59–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00062-013-0201-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Welten RJ, Eikelboom BC, Ackerstaff RG, Ludwig JW. A persistent hypoglossal artery arising from the external carotid artery. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1988;2(4):269–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0950-821x(88)80038-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Yamamoto S, Sunada I, Matsuoka Y, Hakuba A, Nishimura S. Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery aneurysms–report of two cases. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1991;31(4):199–202. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.31.199.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Stern J, Correll JW, Bryan N. Persistent hypoglossal artery and persistent trigeminal artery presenting with posterior fossa transient ischemic attacks. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg. 1978;49(4):614–9. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1978.49.4.0614.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Elhammady MS, Baskaya MK, Sonmez OF, Morcos JJ. Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery with retrograde flow from the vertebrobasilar system: a case report. Neurosurg Rev. 2007;30(4):345–9; discussion 9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-007-0092-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Suzuki S, Nobechi T, Itoh I, Yakura M, Iwashita K. Persistent proatlantal intersegmental artery and occipital artery originating from internal carotid artery. Neuroradiology. 1979;17(2):105–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00556026.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Nishida C, Ashikaga R, Araki Y, Nakamatsu K, Ono Y, Fujii K, et al. Persistent hypoglossal artery associated with arteriovenous malformation: a case report. Eur J Radiol. 2000;33(1):59–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0720-048x(99)00058-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Kirkland JD, Dahlin BC, O’Brien WT. The transclival artery: a variant persistent carotid-basilar arterial anastomosis not previously reported. J Neurointerv Surg. 2017;9(3):e11. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2016-012464.rep.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Bongartz EB, Nau HE, Grote W. Successful operative treatment of an aneurysm on a left persistent hypoglossal artery. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg). 1977;20(5):169–73. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1090373.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Huber P, Rivoir R. Aneurysm on a persistent left hypoglossal artery. Neuroradiology. 1974;6(5):277–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00345788.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Kanai H, Nagai H, Wakabayashi S, Hashimoto N. A large aneurysm of the persistent primitive hypoglossal artery. Neurosurgery. 1992;30(5):794–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Kobayashi M, Akaji K, Tanizaki Y, Mihara B, Ohira T, Kawase T. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm associated with persistent primitive hypoglossal artery. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2008;48(6):259–61. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.48.259.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Waga S, Morooka Y, Kojima T. Aneurysm on a persistent hypoglossal artery. Acta Neurochir. 1981;59(1–2):71–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01411193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Yokota N, Yokoyama T, Ryu H. Aneurysm of persistent primitive hypoglossal artery. Br J Neurosurg. 1999;13(6):608–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/02688699943178.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Al-Memar A, Thrush D. Unilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy due to aneurysm of the stump of persistent hypoglossal artery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64(3):405. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.64.3.405.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Yeh H, Heiss JD, Tew JM Jr. Persistent hypoglossal artery associated with basilar artery aneurysm. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg). 1987;30(5):158–9. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1054087.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Kanematsu M, Satoh K, Nakajima N, Hamazaki F, Nagahiro S. Ruptured aneurysm arising from a basilar artery fenestration and associated with a persistent primitive hypoglossal artery. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 2004;101(3):532–5. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2004.101.3.0532.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. De Caro R, Parenti A, Munari PF. The persistent primitive hypoglossal artery: a rare anatomic variation with frequent clinical implications. Ann Anat. 1995;177(2):193–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0940-9602(11)80073-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Hatayama T, Yamane K, Shima T, Okada Y, Nishida M. Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery associated with cerebral aneurysm and cervical internal carotid artery stenosis–case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1999;39(5):372–5. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.39.372.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Katoh M, Kamiyama H, Kobayashi N, Makino K, Takano K, Tokumitsu N, et al. Severe stenosis of the internal carotid artery presenting as loss of consciousness due to the presence of a primitive hypoglossal artery: a case report. Surg Neurol. 1999;51(3):310–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-3019(98)00053-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Warot P, Lambert P, Gozet G. A case of primary hypoglossal artery. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1970;123(1):53–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Katayama W, Enomoto T, Yanaka K, Nose T. Moyamoya disease associated with persistent primitive hypoglossal artery: report of a case. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2001;35(5):262–5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000050433.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Komiyama M, Nakajima H, Nishikawa M, Yasui T, Kitano S, Sakamoto H, et al. High incidence of persistent primitive arteries in moyamoya and quasi-moyamoya diseases. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1999;39(6):416–20; discussion 20–2. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.39.416.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Garza-Mercado R, Cavazos E, Urrutia G. Persistent hypoglossal artery in combination with multifocal arteriovenous malformations of the brain: case report. Neurosurgery. 1990;26(5):871–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199005000-00024.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Gupta AK. Cerebral arteriovenous malformation embolized through persistent primitive hypoglossal artery: a case report. Interv Neuroradiol. 2005;11(3):241–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/159101990501100307.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Shibata Y, Hyodo A, Saito A, Yoshii Y, Nose T. Large arteriovenous malformation associated with persistent primitive hypoglossal artery–case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1991;31(12):804–8. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.31.804.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Yamanaka K, Noguchi K, Hayasaki K, Matsuoka Y. Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery associated with arteriovenous malformation–case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1990;30(12):949–55. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.30.949.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Eller JL, Jahshan S, Dumont TM, Kan P, Siddiqui AH. Tandem symptomatic internal carotid artery and persistent hypoglossal artery stenosis treated by endovascular stenting and flow reversal. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013:bcr2012010578. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2012-010578.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  131. Pyun HW, Lee DH, Kwon SU, Lee JH, Choi CG, Kim SJ, et al. Internal carotid artery stenosis with ipsilateral persistent hypoglossal artery presenting as a multiterritorial embolic infarction: a case report. Acta Radiol. 2007;48(1):116–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/02841850601026443.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Silva CF, Hou SY, Kuhn AL, Whitten RH, Wakhloo AK. Double embolic protection during carotid artery stenting with persistent hypoglossal artery. J Neurointerv Surg. 2014;6(3):e23. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2013-010709.rep.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Sunada I, Yamamoto S, Matsuoka Y, Nishimura S. Endarterectomy for persistent primitive hypoglossal artery–case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1991;31(2):104–8. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.31.104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Touho H, Ohnishi H, Seno M, Furuoka N, Komatsu T, Karasawa J. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of stenotic primitive hypoglossal artery–case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1994;34(6):371–4. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.34.371.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Cartier R. Combined internal carotid and hypoglossal artery endarterectomies in a symptom-free patient with contralateral internal carotid artery occlusion. J Vasc Surg. 1995;22(1):120–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0741-5214(95)70096-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Kawabori M, Kuroda S, Yasuda H, Hokari M, Nakayama N, Saito H, et al. Carotid endarterectomy for internal carotid artery stenosis associated with persistent primitive hypoglossal artery: efficacy of intraoperative multi-modality monitoring. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2009;52(5–6):263–6. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1243243.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Koleilat I, Hanover T. Carotid endarterectomy in the face of a persistent hypoglossal artery. Ann Vasc Surg. 2015;29(8):1660 e1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2015.05.032.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Osgood CP, Montanez JA, Karunaratne ER, Vandevander DJ. Endarterectomy for atheromatous hypoglossal artery. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1983;58(6):935–6. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1983.58.6.0935.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Ouriel K, Green RM, DeWeese JA. Anomalous carotid-basilar anastomoses in cerebrovascular surgery. J Vasc Surg. 1988;7(6):774–7. https://doi.org/10.1067/mva.1988.avs0070774.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Kanazawa R, Ishihara S, Okawara M, Ishihara H, Kohyama S, Yamane F. A successful treatment with carotid arterial stenting for symptomatic internal carotid artery severe stenosis with ipsilateral persistent primitive hypoglossal artery: case report and review of the literature. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2008;51(5):298–302. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1082299.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Nii K, Aikawa H, Tsutsumi M, Onizuka M, Nakau H, Inoue R, et al. Carotid artery stenting in a patient with internal carotid artery stenosis and ipsilateral persistent primitive hypoglossal artery presenting with transient ischemia of the vertebrobasilar system: case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2010;50(10):921–4. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.50.921.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Ryu B, Ishikawa T, Hashimoto K, Shimizu M, Yagi S, Shimizu T, et al. Internal carotid artery stenosis with persistent primitive hypoglossal artery treated with carotid artery stenting: a case report and literature review. Neuroradiol J. 2016;29(2):115–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1971400915626427.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  143. Baldi S, Zander T, Rabellino M, Maynar M. Stent-assisted coil embolization of a wide-neck aneurysm of a persistent primitive hypoglossal artery. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2009;32(2):352–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-008-9415-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Baltsavias GM, Chourmouzi D, Tasianas N, Drevelengas A, Damianovski D, Jovkovski S. Ruptured aneurysm of a persistent primitive hypoglossal artery treated by endovascular approach–case report and literature review. Surg Neurol. 2007;68(3):338–43; discussion 43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surneu.2006.10.053.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Bapuraj JR, Ojili V, Khandelwal N, Shanbhogue AK, Gupta SK. Basilar artery aneurysm treated with coil embolization via persistent primitive hypoglossal artery. Australas Radiol. 2007;51(Suppl):B340–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1673.2007.01759.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Bohmfalk GL, Story JL. Aneurysms of the persistent hypoglossal artery. Neurosurgery. 1977;1(3):291–6. https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-197711000-00014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. De Blasi R, Medicamento N, Chiumarullo L, Salvati A, Maghenzani M, Dicuonzo F, et al. A case of aneurysm on a persistent hypoglossal artery treated by endovascular coiling. Interv Neuroradiol. 2009;15(2):175–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/159101990901500206.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  148. Duffill J, Lang DA, Dwyer GN. Subarachnoid haemorrhage in a child from an aneurysm of a persistent primitive hypoglossal artery. Br J Neurosurg. 1996;10(6):607–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/02688699646952.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Hui FK, Schuette AJ, Cawley CM. Endovascular treatment of an aneurysm of a persistent primitive hypoglossal artery with complete resolution of brainstem compressive symptoms: case report. Neurosurgery. 2011;68(3):E854–7; discussion E7. https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182077d75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Kim T, Chung S, Lanzino G. Carotid artery-hypoglossal nerve relationships in the neck: an anatomical work. Neurol Res. 2009;31(9):895–9. https://doi.org/10.1179/174313209X385590.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Andoh K, Tanohata K, Moriya N, Hagiwara H, Lee J, Sato M, et al. The posterior inferior cerebellar artery arising from the extracranial segment of the internal carotid artery via the hypoglossal canal without an interposed segment of the basilar artery: a persistent primitive hypoglossal artery variant. Clin Imaging. 2001;25(2):86–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-7071(01)00265-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Luh GY, Dean BL, Tomsick TA, Wallace RC. The persistent fetal carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;172(5):1427–32. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.172.5.10227532.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Okahara M, Kiyosue H, Mori H, Tanoue S, Sainou M, Nagatomi H. Anatomic variations of the cerebral arteries and their embryology: a pictorial review. Eur Radiol. 2002;12(10):2548–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-001-1286-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Li TH, Lan MY, Liu JS, Tseng YL, Wu HS, Chang YY. Type II proatlantal intersegmental artery associated with objective pulsatile tinnitus. Neurology. 2008;71(4):295–6. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000318276.07527.70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Yilmaz E, Ilgit E, Taner D. Primitive persistent carotid-basilar and carotid-vertebral anastomoses: a report of seven cases and a review of the literature. Clin Anat. 1995;8(1):36–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.980080107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Vasovic L, Mojsilovic M, Andelkovic Z, Jovanovic I, Arsic S, Vlajkovic S, et al. Proatlantal intersegmental artery: a review of normal and pathological features. Childs Nerv Syst. 2009;25(4):411–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-008-0765-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Horowitz M, Bansal S, Dastur K. Aortic arch origin of the left external carotid artery and type II proatlantal fetal anastomosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24(3):323–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  158. Kurose K, Kishi H, Nishijima Y. Type 2 proatlantal artery associated with a ruptured aneurysm–case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1990;30(3):191–3. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.30.191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Nakashima K, Itokawa H, Oishi A, Imaizumi Y, Izumiyama H. Persistent primitive first cervical intersegmental artery (proatlantal artery II) associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage of unknown origin. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2012;114(1):90–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2011.09.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Pinstein ML, Gerald B. Anomalous communication of the external carotid and vertebral arteries. Persistence of the proatlantal artery. Radiology. 1976;118(3):626. https://doi.org/10.1148/118.3.626.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Palmer FJ, Philips RL. Persistent proatlantal artery arising from the common carotid bifurcation. Australas Radiol. 1978;22(3):226–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1673.1978.tb02063.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Arraez-Aybar LA, Navia-Alvarez P, Mendez-Cendon JC. A case of a type II proatlantal artery with arteriovenous malformation. Surg Radiol Anat. 2011;33(1):85–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-010-0685-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Basekim CC, Silit E, Mutlu H, Pekkafali MZ, Ozturk E, Kizilkaya E. Type I proatlantal artery with bilateral absence of the external carotid arteries. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(9):1619–21.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  164. Berger L, Gouicem D, Lebied el D, Felisaz A, Coffin O, Maiza D. Internal carotid and ipsilateral type II proatlantal artery stenoses causing simultaneous hemispheric and vertebrobasilar transient ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2011;53(2):475–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2010.08.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Berman IG, Stuckey SL. Anomalous communication of external carotid and vertebral arteries with associated intracranial parenchymal arteriovenous malformation: magnetic resonance angiography and angiographic findings. Australas Radiol. 2003;47(4):472–4. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1673.2003.01225.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Capel C, Peltier J, Lefranc M, Desenclos C, Chivot C, Deramond H, et al. Type II proatlantal artery with unusual origin of the occipital artery feeding of a type IV dural arteriovenous fistula: case report. Neurochirurgie. 2013;59(6):214–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2013.08.007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Choudhary G, Adhikari N, Chokr J, Gupta N. Type 2 persistent primitive proatlantal intersegmental artery, a rare variant of persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses. Proc (Baylor Univ Med Cent). 2019;32(1):101–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2018.1533312.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  168. Legre J, Tapias PL, Nardin JY, Philip E, Perier E. Embryonic intersegmental anastomosis between the external carotid and vertebral arteries. Classification problems of the proatlantal artery. J Neuroradiol. 1980;7(2):97–104.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Liechty JM, Weddle RJ, Shutze WP, Smith BL. Occurrence of a type 2 proatlantal intersegmental artery during carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic stenosis. J Vasc Surg. 2016;64(3):807–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2014.10.100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Obayashi T, Furuse M. The proatlantal intersegmental artery: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Neurol. 1980;37(6):387–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1980.00500550089018.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Rao TS, Sethi PK. Persistent proatlantal artery with carotid-vertebral anastomosis. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1975;43(4):499–501. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1975.43.4.0499.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Tsai FY, Mahon J, Woodruff JV, Roach JF. Congenital absence of bilateral vertebral arteries with occipital-basilar anastomosis. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1975;124(2):281–6. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.124.2.281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Hackett ER, Wilson CB. Congenital external carotid-vertebral anastomosis. A case report. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1968;104(1):86–9. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.104.1.86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Oner Z, Oner S, Kahraman AS. The right vertebral artery originating from the right occipital artery and the absence of the transverse foramen: a rare anatomical variation. Surg Radiol Anat. 2017;39(12):1397–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-017-1882-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Bahsi YZ, Uysal H, Peker S, Yurdakul M. Persistent primitive proatlantal intersegmental artery (proatlantal artery I) results in ‘top of the basilar’ syndrome. Stroke. 1993;24(12):2114–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.24.12.2114.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Bailey MA, Holroyd HR, Patel JV, Lansbury AJ, Scott DJ. The right vertebral artery arising as a branch of the right internal carotid artery: report of a rare case. Surg Radiol Anat. 2009;31(10):819–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-009-0523-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Bloch S, Danziger J. Proatlantal intersegmental artery. Neuroradiology. 1974;7(1):5–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00344667.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Briganti F, Tortora F, Elefante A, Volpe A, Maiuri F. Persistent carotid-vertebral anastomosis associated with contralateral accessory middle cerebral artery. Surg Radiol Anat. 2005;27(5):450–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-005-0002-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Conforti P, Armenise B, Galligioni F. Anomalous carotid-vertebral anastomosis: primitive cervical segmental artery. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg). 1966;9(3):99–106. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1095361.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Grego F, Stramana R, Lepidi S, Antonello M, Bonvini S, Zaramella M, et al. Primitive proatlantal intersegmental artery and carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg. 2004;39(3):691. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0741-5214(03)00712-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Gumus T, Onal B, Ilgit ET. Bilateral persistence of type 1 proatlantal arteries: report of a case and review of the literature. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(9):1622–4.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  182. Hutchinson NA, Miller JD. Persistent proatlantal artery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1970;33(4):524–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.33.4.524.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  183. Kolbinger R, Heindel W, Pawlik G, Erasmi-Korber H. Right proatlantal artery type I, right internal carotid occlusion, and left internal carotid stenosis: case report and review of the literature. J Neurol Sci. 1993;117(1–2):232–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-510x(93)90178-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Lode I. Persistence of both proatlantal arteries with occlusion of the internal carotid arteries. A case report. Acta Radiol. 2000;41(5):410–1. https://doi.org/10.1080/028418500127345758.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Montechiari M, Iadanza A, Falini A, Politi LS. Monolateral type I proatlantal artery with bilateral absence of vertebral arteries: description of a case and review of the literature. Surg Radiol Anat. 2013;35(9):863–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-013-1086-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Morales M, Anacleto A, Berbert M, Mello M, Centola C, Piccinato CE, et al. Endovascular treatment for recurrent carotid stenosis in a patient with proatlantal intersegmental artery. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006;17(2 Pt 1):399–400. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.RVI.0000196319.48140.D7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Parkinson D, Reddy V, Ross RT. Congenital anastomosis between the vertebral artery and internal carotid artery in the neck. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1979;51(5):697–9. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1979.51.5.0697.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Pulli R, Gatti M, Pratesi C. Carotid endarterectomy in rare bilateral carotid-vertebral anastomosis. J Vasc Surg. 2001;33(5):1122–4. https://doi.org/10.1067/mva.2001.113975.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Saito N, Uchino A, Ishihara S. Complex anomalies of type 1 proatlantal intersegmental artery and aortic arch variations. Surg Radiol Anat. 2013;35(2):177–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-012-1017-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Schoof J, Skalej M, Halloul Z, Wunderlich MT. Carotid endarterectomy in a patient with persistent proatlantal artery. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;23(5–6):458–9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000101748.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Tsukamoto S, Hori Y, Utsumi S, Tanigake T, Horiike N, Otani R. Proatlantal intersegmental artery with absence of bilateral vertebral arteries. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1981;54(1):122–4. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1981.54.1.0122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Woodcock RJ, Cloft HJ, Dion JE. Bilateral type 1 proatlantal arteries with absence of vertebral arteries. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22(2):418–20.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  193. Chan PN, Yu SC, Boet R, Poon WS, Ahuja AT. A rare congenital anastomosis between the vertebral artery and internal carotid artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24(9):1885–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  194. Lui CC, Liu YH, Wai YY, Tsai CC. Persistence of both proatlantal arteries with absence of vertebral arteries. Neuroradiology. 1987;29(3):304–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00451775.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Okumura A, Lee T, Shimojima K, Hisata K, Shoji H, Takanashi J, et al. Brainstem disconnection associated with nodular heterotopia and proatlantal arteries. Am J Med Genet A. 2009;149A(11):2479–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.33044.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Pelz D, Menon RK, Swartz RH, Aviv RI, Symons SP. Bilateral Type II persistent proatlantal intersegmental arteries. Can J Neurol Sci. 2013;40(6):873–4. https://doi.org/10.1017/s031716710001605x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Purkayastha S, Gupta AK, Varma R, Kapilamoorthy TR. Proatlantal intersegmental arteries of external carotid artery origin associated with Galen’s vein malformation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26(9):2378–83.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  198. Zarghouni M, Marichal D. Persistent bilateral proatlantal type II artery. Proc (Baylor Univ Med Cent). 2013;26(1):50–1. https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2013.11928918.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  199. Alexander MD, English J, Hetts SW. Occipital artery anastomosis to vertebral artery causing pulsatile tinnitus. J Neurointerv Surg. 2014;6(2):e15. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2012-010632.rep.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Flynn RE. External carotid origin of the dominant vertebral artery. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1968;29(3):300–1. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1968.29.3.0300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Tanaka Y, Hara H, Momose G, Kobayashi S, Kobayashi S, Sugita K. Proatlantal intersegmental artery and trigeminal artery associated with an aneurysm. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1983;59(3):520–3. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1983.59.3.0520.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Bour P, Bracard S, Frisch N, Frisch R, Fieve G. Persistent proatlantal artery associated with carotid artery stenosis treatment by percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty. Ann Vasc Surg. 1991;5(1):38–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02021775.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Richter HR. Collaterals between the external carotid artery and the vertebral artery in cases of thrombosis of the internal carotid artery. Acta Radiol. 1953;40(2–3):108–12. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016925309176574.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Kwak S, Nagashima T, Kobayashi S. Anomalous origin of the posterior meningeal artery from the internal carotid artery. Neuroradiology. 1980;19(2):103–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00342604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of the Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland

    Thomas Robert

  2. Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland

    L. Bertulli

Authors
  1. Thomas Robert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. L. Bertulli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of the Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland

    Thomas Robert

  2. Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France

    Sara Bonasia

  3. Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada

    Michel W. Bojanowski

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Robert, T., Bertulli, L. (2023). Carotido-Vertebral Anastomoses. In: Robert, T., Bonasia, S., Bojanowski, M.W. (eds) Anatomy of Cranial Arteries, Embryology and Variants. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32913-5_41

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32913-5_41

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-32912-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-32913-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation