Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Visualising Bibliographic Metadata Using CAQDAS in the Research on the Gender Gap in STEM Studies in Higher Education

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Computer Supported Qualitative Research (WCQR 2023)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems ((LNNS,volume 688))

Included in the following conference series:

  • 263 Accesses

Abstract

Besides providing the consulted publication’s findings, the literature review can offer information through metadata. Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) can support visualising bibliometric metadata through RIS files. The usefulness is to provide an interactive image of the reality and actuality of scientific production. This article presents a case study to exemplify how metadata can be analysed and visualised using CAQDAS. The topic for the case study is the gender gap in STEM studies in higher education. The study aims to identify the value and usefulness of data visualisation in representing bibliometric data to support literature review processes. The phenomenon of the gender gap in the STEM education sector is used as a case study. The research questions addressed by the study are: (1) What does CAQDAS contribute to the results obtained?; (2) What are the possible causes of the gender gap? The analysis concludes that the cultural, social, educational, family, and peer group environment generates positive and negative force fields when deciding which studies to pursue; some people follow the patterns expected of them according to their gender. Finally, data visualisation helps understand the scientific evolution of a phenomenon and supports the research on a particular topic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Clavico Alves, M., Lopes de Faria, L.I., Morato do Amaral, R.: Visualização de informação para simplificar o entendimento de indicadores sobre avaliação da ciência e tecnologia. RDBCI: Rev. Digit. Bibliotecon. Cienc. Inf. 15, 324–348 (2017). https://doi.org/10.20396/rdbci.v15i2.8646366

  2. Freitas, C.M.D.S., Chubachi, O.M., Luzzardi, P.R.G., Cava, R.A.: Introdução à visualização de informações. Revista de informática teórica e aplicada. 8, 143–158 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Munzner, T.: Visualization Analysis and Design. CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Guimarães da Silva, C.: Exploração de bases de dados de ambientes de Educação a distância por meio de ferramentas de consulta apoiadas por Visualização de Informação (2006). http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/bitstream/REPOSIP/276253/1/Silva_CelmarGuimaraesda_D.pdf

  5. Few, S.: Now You See It: Simple Visualization Techniques for Quantitative Analysis. Analytics Press, Oakland (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Andrews, R.J.: Info We Trust: How to Inspire the World with Data. Wiley, Hoboken (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Corrêa da Silva, F.C.: Visualização de dados: passado, presente e futuro. Liinc em Revista 15 (2019). https://doi.org/10.18617/liinc.v15i2.4812

  8. Nascimento, H., Ferreira, C.: An introduction to information visualization. Visualidades 9, 13–43 (2011). https://doi.org/10.5216/vis.v9i2.19844

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Sternadt Alexandre, D.R.S., Tavares, J.M.: Factores da percepção visual humana na visualização de dados (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Sánchez-Gómez, M.C., Martín-Cilleros, M.V., Sánchez Sánchez, G.: Evaluation of computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) applied to research. In: Uden, L., Liberona, D., Sanchez, G., Rodríguez-González, S. (eds.) LTEC 2019. CCIS, vol. 1011, pp. 474–485. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20798-4_41

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Richards, L.: Rigorous, rapid, reliable and qualitative? Computing in qualitative method. Am. J. Health Behav. 26, 425–430 (2002). https://doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.26.6.3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Miles, M., Huberman, A.M.: Qualitative Data Analysis. A Source Book of New Methods. Sage, Beverly Hills (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Silver, C.: CAQDAS at a crossroads: choices, controversies and challenges. In: Costa, A.P., Reis, L.P., Souza, F.N., Moreira, A. (eds.) ISQR 2017. AISC, vol. 621, pp. 1–13. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61121-1_1

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  14. Banks, M.: Visual Methods in Social Research. Sage, London (2001)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  15. Rose, G.: Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials. Sage Publications Ltd., London (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ho, M.-T., et al.: An analytical view on STEM education and outcomes: examples of the social gap and gender disparity in Vietnam. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 119 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105650

  17. Godec, S., Archer, L., Dawson, E.: Interested but not being served: mapping young people’s participation in informal STEM education through an equity lens. Res. Pap. Educ. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2020.1849365

  18. O’Connor, P., White, K.: Gender equality in higher education: the slow pace of change. In: O’Connor, P., White, K. (eds.) Gender, Power and Higher Education in a Globalised World. PSGE, pp. 1–23. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69687-0_1

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  19. Davenport, C., et al.: A theory of change for improving children’s perceptions, aspirations and uptake of STEM careers. Res. Sci. Educ. 51(4), 997–1011 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-019-09909-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Verdugo-Castro, S., Sánchez-Gómez, M.C., García-Holgado, A., Bakieva, M.: Pilot study on university students’ opinion about STEM studies at higher education. In: García-Peñalvo, F.J. (ed.) Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM 2020), Salamanca, Spain, 21–23 October 2020, pp. 158–165. ACM, New York (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Light, A.E., Benson-Greenwald, T.M., Diekman, A.B.: Gender representation cues labels of hard and soft sciences. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 98 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104234

  22. Kashyap, R., Verkroost, F.C.J.: Analysing global professional gender gaps using LinkedIn advertising data. EPJ Data Sci. 10(1), 1–32 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-021-00294-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Lichard, T., Pertold, F., Škoda, S.: Do women face a glass ceiling at home? The division of household labor among dual-earner couples. Rev. Econ. Household 19(4), 1209–1243 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-021-09558-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Shimwell, J., DeWitt, J., Davenport, C., Padwick, A., Sanderson, J., Strachan, R.: Scientist of the week: evaluating effects of a teacher-led STEM intervention to reduce stereotypical views of scientists in young children. Res. Sci. Technol. Educ. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2021.1941840

  25. García-Holgado, A., et al.: The experience of women students in engineering and mathematics careers: a focus group study. In: 2021 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), Vienna, Austria, 21–23 April 2021, pp. 50–56. IEEE (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Dele-Ajayi, O., Bradnum, J., Prickett, T., Strachan, R., Alufa, F., Ayodele, V.: Tackling gender stereotypes in STEM educational resources. Presented at the Proceedings - Frontiers in Education Conference, FIE (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE44824.2020.9274158

  27. García-Holgado, A., Verdugo-Castro, S., Sánchez-Gómez, M.C., García-Peñalvo, F.J.: Facilitating access to the role models of women in STEM: W-STEM mobile app. In: Zaphiris, P., Ioannou, A. (eds.) HCII 2020. LNCS, vol. 12205, pp. 466–476. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50513-4_35

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  28. García-Holgado, A., Verdugo-Castro, S., González-González, C.S., Sánchez-Gómez, M.C., García-Peñalvo, F.J.: European proposals to work in the gender gap in STEM: a systematic analysis. IEEE Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnologias del Aprendizaje 15, 215–224 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/RITA.2020.3008138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Card, D., Payne, A.A.: High school choices and the gender gap in STEM. Econ. Inq. 59, 9–28 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12934

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. García-Holgado, A., Vázquez-Ingelmo, A., Verdugo-Castro, S., González-González, C.S., Sánchez-Gómez, M.C., García-Peñalvo, F.J.: Actions to promote diversity in engineering studies: a case study in a Computer Science Degree. In: 2019 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), Dubai, UAE, 9–11 April 2019. IEEE, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2019.8725134

  31. García-Holgado, A., Verdugo-Castro, S., Sánchez-Gómez, M.C., García-Peñalvo, F.J.: Trends in studies developed in Europe focused on the gender gap in STEM. In: Proceedings of the XX International Conference on Human Computer Interaction, pp. 47:1–47:8. ACM, New York (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3335595.3335607

  32. Verdugo-Castro, S., Sánchez-Gómez, M.C., García-Holgado, A.: Gender gap in the STEM sector in pre and university studies of Europe associated with ethnic factors. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM 2018), pp. 984–990 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1145/3284179.3284348

  33. Verdugo-Castro, S., García-Holgado, A., Sánchez-Gómez, M.C.: The gender gap in higher STEM studies: a systematic literature review. Heliyon. 8, e10300 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Heybach, J., Pickup, A.: Whose STEM? Disrupting the gender crisis within STEM. Educ. Stud.-AESA. 53, 614–627 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/00131946.2017.1369085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Kang, J., Hense, J., Scheersoi, A., Keinonen, T.: Gender study on the relationships between science interest and future career perspectives. Int. J. Sci. Educ. 41, 80–101 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2018.1534021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Cantley, I., Prendergast, M., Schlindwein, F.: Collaborative cognitive-activation strategies as an emancipatory force in promoting girls’ interest in and enjoyment of mathematics: a cross-national case study. Int. J. Educ. Res. 81, 38–51 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2016.11.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Olmedo-Torre, N., Sanchez Carracedo, F., Salan Ballesteros, M.N., Lopez, D., Perez-Poch, A., Lopez-Beltran, M.: Do female motives for enrolling vary according to STEM profile? IEEE Trans. Educ. 61, 289–297 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2018.2820643

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Salmi, H., Thuneberg, H., Vainikainen, M.-P.: How do engineering attitudes vary by gender and motivation? Attractiveness of outreach science exhibitions in four countries. Eur. J. Eng. Educ. 41, 638–659 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2015.1121466

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Andrews, M.E., Patrick, A.D., Borrego, M.: Engineering students’ attitudinal beliefs by gender and student division: a methodological comparison of changes over time. Int. J. STEM Educ. 8(1), 1–14 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-020-00269-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Wulff, P., Hazari, Z., Petersen, S., Neumann, K.: Engaging young women in physics: an intervention to support young women’s physics identity development. Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 14 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.14.020113

  41. Henriksen, E.K., Dillon, J., Ryder, J. (eds.): Springer, Dordrecht (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7793-4

    Book  Google Scholar 

  42. Schreiner, C., Sjøberg, S.: Science education and youth’s identity construction - two incompatible projects? In: Corrigan, D., Dillon, J., Gunstone, R. (eds.) The Re-emergence of Values in Science Education, pp. 231–247. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam (2007). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789087901677_020

  43. Brauner, P., Ziefle, M., Schroeder, U., Leonhardt, T., Bergner, N., Ziegler, B.: Gender influences on school students’ mental models of computer science a quantitative rich picture analysis with sixth graders. In: Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Gender & IT (GENDERIT 2018), pp. 113–122. Association Computing Machinery, New York (2018). https://doi.org/10.1145/3196839.3196857

  44. Ertl, B., Luttenberger, S., Paechter, M.: The impact of gender stereotypes on the self-concept of female students in STEM subjects with an under-representation of females. Front. Psychol. 8 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00703

  45. Cincera, J., Medek, M., Cincera, P., Lupac, M., Ticha, I.: What science is about - development of the scientific understanding of secondary school students. Res. Sci. Technol. Educ. 35, 183–194 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2017.1285760

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Stoeger, H., Greindl, T., Kuhlmann, J., Balestrini, D.P.: The learning and educational capital of male and female students in STEM magnet schools and in extracurricular STEM programs: a study in high-achiever-track secondary schools in Germany. J. Educ. Gifted 40, 394–416 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1177/0162353217734374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Padwick, A., Dele-Ajayi, O., Davenport, C., Strachan, R.: Innovative methods for evaluating the science capital of young children. In: 46th Annual Frontiers in Education Conference, FIE 2016. pp. 1–5. IEEE, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2016.7757680

  48. Botella, C., Rueda, S., López-Iñesta, E., Marzal, P.: Gender diversity in STEM disciplines: a multiple factor problem. Entropy 21 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/e21010030

  49. Sullivan, K., Byrne, J.R., Bresnihan, N., O’Sullivan, K., Tangney, B.: CodePlus - designing an after school computing programme for girls. In: 2015 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, FIE 2015. IEEE, Camino Real Hotel and Conference Center El Paso, USA (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2015.7344113

  50. Borsotti, V.: Barriers to gender diversity in software development education: actionable insights from a Danish case study. In: 40th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering Education and Training, ICSE-SEET 2018, Gothenburg; Sweden, 30 May 2018–1 June 2018, pp. 146–152. ACM (2018). https://doi.org/10.1145/3183377.3183390

  51. Görlitz, K., Gravert, C.: The effects of a high school curriculum reform on university enrollment and the choice of college major. Educ. Econ. 26, 321–336 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2018.1426731

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Reich-Stiebert, N., Eyssel, F.: (Ir)relevance of gender?: on the influence of gender stereotypes on learning with a robot. In: ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Vienna, Austria, pp. 166–176. ACM (2017). https://doi.org/10.1145/2909824.3020242

  53. Martinho, M., Albergaria-Almeida, P., Dias, J.T.: Cooperation and competitiveness in higher education science: does gender matter? In: Uzunboylu, H. (ed.) Proceedings of 6th World Conference on Educational Sciences, pp. 554–558. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.569

  54. González-González, C.S., et al.: Gender and engineering: developing actions to encourage women in tech. In: 2018 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 2088–2093. Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Peixoto, A., et al.: Diversity and inclusion in engineering education: looking through the gender question. In: IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference, EDUCON, pp. 2071–2075. IEEE, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands; Spain (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2018.8363494

  56. Finzel, B., Deininger, H., Schmid, U.: From beliefs to intention: mentoring as an approach to motivate female high school students to enrol in computer science studies. In: 4th Conference on Gender and IT, GenderIT 2018; Heilbronn University Heilbronn, Germany, 14 May 2018–15 May 2018, pp. 251–260. ACM (2018). https://doi.org/10.1145/3196839.3196879

  57. Stoeger, H., Hopp, M., Ziegler, A.: Online mentoring as an extracurricular measure to encourage talented girls in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics): an empirical study of one-on-one versus group mentoring. Gifted Child Q. 61, 239–249 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1177/0016986217702215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Herman, C., Gracia, R., Macniven, L., Clark, B., Doyle, G.: Using a blended learning approach to support women returning to STEM. Open Learn. 34, 40–60 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2018.1554475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Lent, R.W., Brown, S.D., Hackett, G.: Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. J. Vocat. Behav. 45, 79–122 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The research work has been carried out within the PhD Programme of the University of Salamanca in the field of Education in the Knowledge Society (http://knowledgesociety.usal.es), and this research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities with a grant for the training of University Teachers (FPU017/01252).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. GRIAL Research Group, Department of Didactics, Organization and Research Methods, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

    Sonia Verdugo-Castro & Mª Cruz Sánchez-Gómez

  2. GRIAL Research Group, Computer Science Department, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

    Alicia García-Holgado & Francisco José García-Peñalvo

  3. University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

    António Pedro Costa

Authors
  1. Sonia Verdugo-Castro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mª Cruz Sánchez-Gómez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alicia García-Holgado
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Francisco José García-Peñalvo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. António Pedro Costa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sonia Verdugo-Castro .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

    António Pedro Costa

  2. Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

    António Moreira

  3. Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal and Research Center on Didactics and Technology in the Education of Trainers (CIDTFF), Aveiro, Portugal

    Fábio Freitas

  4. Global Centre for Academic Research, South Valley University, Roodepoort, South Africa

    King Costa

  5. CAQDAS TM Laboratory, Institute of Sociology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

    Grzegorz Bryda

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Verdugo-Castro, S., Sánchez-Gómez, M., García-Holgado, A., García-Peñalvo, F.J., Costa, A.P. (2023). Visualising Bibliographic Metadata Using CAQDAS in the Research on the Gender Gap in STEM Studies in Higher Education. In: Costa, A.P., Moreira, A., Freitas, F., Costa, K., Bryda, G. (eds) Computer Supported Qualitative Research. WCQR 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 688. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31346-2_23

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation