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Documenting Corfioto: Evidence for Contact-Induced Grammaticalization in the Romance Variety of the Jewish Community of Corfu

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Internal and External Causes of Language Change

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Abstract

Corfioto (also referred to as ‘Corfiot Italian’, ‘Corfiot Italkian’, ‘Judeo-Italian of Corfu’, ‘Italián Corfióto’) is a critically endangered Romance variety traditionally spoken by the members of the Jewish community of Corfu. Today it is still spoken by a small number of Corfiot Jews living in Greece and in diaspora, mainly in Israel. While historical and sociolinguistic data highlight the presence of different speech communities in the history of the Jewish community of Corfu, oral and written linguistic sources reflect diachronic divergence between the lexical and morphological elements of Corfioto, which are mainly of Venetian, Italian, and Hebrew origin, and certain syntactic patterns typically found in Greek and in southern Italian dialects. Based on the analysis of oral data collected in fieldwork in Corfu and in Israel, I argue that (a) the dual verb paradigm of the verb ‘have’, namely, (i) the paradigm of the perfective auxiliary ó and (ii) the paradigm of the lexical/future auxiliary γenó, etymologically related to the Latin verb form habere, as well as (b) the analytic future form (future periphrasis) expressing deontic necessity have emerged from the contact of Italo-Romance varieties and Greek. The analysis of the two phenomena as contact-induced effects is supported by historical, sociolinguistic, and purely linguistic data related to the Jewish community of Corfu, as well as comparison with similar features in different varieties spoken in Corfu and in northern and southern Italy from the late nineteenth century on. While the dual verb paradigm of ‘have’ seems to be a result of the contact of different Romance varieties following a typical pattern of reanalysis and grammaticalization attested in Romance, I claim that the formation of the future periphrasis is a product of contact-induced grammaticalization within the ‘periphery’ of the Balkan Sprachbund.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The term Judeo-Italian describes the Italian group of Jewish languages (see among others Galli De’Paratesi 1992; Mayer-Modena 2003; Sermoneta and Aslanov 2007; Aprile 2012; Rubin 2017; Ryzhik 2018).

  2. 2.

    However, Cortelazzo (2000: 323) and Eufe (2006: 83) argue that only a small number of them was of Venetian origin. I thank Johannes Mücke for bringing this point to my attention.

  3. 3.

    For an overview of the settlement of Jews from Spain and Southern Italy in Corfu see Zeldes (2012).

  4. 4.

    Romaniote Jews (‘Greki’) are the Jews that had arrived to Corfu through the Greek mainland much earlier in history.

  5. 5.

    I thank an anonymous reviewer for stressing this point to me.

  6. 6.

    The phenomenon of obviation refers to the mandatory disjoint reference between the subject of a subjunctive complement and the attitude-holder subject of the matrix, for example, Fr. *Je veux que je parte. ‘I want for me to leave’.

  7. 7.

    Middle Venetian presents forms of the auxiliary aver where ghe is optionally elided, for example, 1SG gh’ho/ho, 2SG gh’a/ha (Ferguson 2007: 149).

  8. 8.

    I thank an anonymous reviewer for mentioning these cases.

  9. 9.

    The N-pattern is a distributional morphomic template of root allomorphy in the inflectional morphology of Romance verbs, created as a result of high degree of morphologization of a stress alternation pattern between the root-stressed 1.SG.PRS 2SG.PRS. 3SG.PRS cells and the non-root-stressed 1.PL and 2.PL cells of the verb paradigm (Maiden 2016: 712).

  10. 10.

    Morphological residues of infinitival forms are present in the speakers’ repertoire, adapted though to the noun morphology of Venetian, for example, el manjár ‘the food’.

  11. 11.

    There is extended literature on the dual complementizer system in southern dialects of Italy (see among others Rohlfs 1969: 190; Calabrese 1993; Manzini and Savoia 2005 I: 455–501, 650–76; Bertocci and Damonte 2007; Damonte 2011; Ledgeway 2006).

  12. 12.

    For an analysis of oral data presented in Cortelazzo (1948) and Levi (1961) in comparison to some recent oral data, see Mücke (2019).

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Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Cecilia Poletto, Jacopo Garzonio, Nicola D’Antuono, Caterina Tasinato, to an anonymous reviewer as well as to the editors of this volume for all their fruitful and extremely helpful comments, suggestions, and remarks. Any error is exclusively mine.

Abbreviations

1 = 1st Person

2 = 2nd Person

3 = 3rd Person

2scl = 2nd subject clitic

aux = auxiliary

conj = conjunction

Cz = Catanzaro

def = definite article

f = feminine

Fr. = French

indf = indefinite article

inf = infinitive

ipfv = Imperfective

ipfv = imperfective

It. = Italian

m = masculine

MGr. = Modern Greek

Nap. = Neapolitan

nom = nominative

ocl = object clitic

pfv = perfective

pl = plural

pnp = perfective non-past

prep = preposition

prf = perfective

prs = present

prt = particle

pst = past

ptcp = participle

scl = subject clitic

sg = singular

Sp. = Spanish

subj = subjunctive

Vnz. = Venetian

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Padua, Padua, Italy

    Georgios Vardakis

Authors
  1. Georgios Vardakis
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Correspondence to Georgios Vardakis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. National and Kapodistrian University of, Athens, Greece

    Nikolaos Lavidas

  2. Osnabrueck University, Osnabrueck, Germany

    Alexander Bergs

  3. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    Elly van Gelderen

  4. Queens’ College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Ioanna Sitaridou

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Vardakis, G. (2023). Documenting Corfioto: Evidence for Contact-Induced Grammaticalization in the Romance Variety of the Jewish Community of Corfu. In: Lavidas, N., Bergs, A., van Gelderen, E., Sitaridou, I. (eds) Internal and External Causes of Language Change. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30976-2_9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30976-2_9

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