Abstract
In this chapter, we show the advances that have occurred in Brazilian agricultural production and conservation efforts. However, in the last decade, from 2012 onward, deforestation has increased year by year. To help curb deforestation and to meet the demands for more sustainable production, a multitude of initiatives exist that address different challenges in Brazil. We present and discuss some of these multistakeholder initiatives, such as moratoriums and chain agreements that affect different regions and supply chains, and subsequently examine the role of certification and initiatives that promote continuous improvement. Finally, we analyze international and national multistakeholder initiatives that contribute to the sustainability of Brazilian agricultural production. The conclusion discusses these initiatives in light of Brazilian environmental legislation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The legal Amazon is a political definition instituted by the Brazilian government as a way of planning and promoting the social and economic development of the states in the Amazon region, which historically share the same economic, political, and social challenges. Its current form was defined by the 1988 Constitution and encompasses 772 municipalities in nine Brazilian states. It includes all of the Amazon Forest, part of the Cerrado and part of Pantanal.
- 2.
INPE’s portal for deforestation data and maps from 1985 onward: http://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/en/home-page/
- 3.
Later the cutoff date was revised to coincide with the date of the Forest Code. No soy can be purchased from areas deforested after July 2008.
- 4.
The report named “A Farra do Boi” can be translated as the cattle “party” or “mess.”
- 5.
Madeira in Portuguese means wood and this could translate to beef with a wood sauce, even though Madeira is a type of wine used to make this popular dish.
- 6.
In 2017 the Brazilian Federal Police began investigations called “Operação Carne Fraca” and “Operação Lucas,” to identify the corruption scandals that involved some of the meatpackers who were selling meat out of specification and that were bribing public servants to overlook fines and processes.
- 7.
Conduct Adjustment Term (TAC, Portuguese acronym) is a legal instrument which is often made by the Prosecutor’s Office and another part, public or private, in which that part agrees to change its behavior according to the terms of the TAC.
- 8.
GTA – Guia de Trânsito Animal or Animal Transit Permit.
- 9.
See Chap. 17 explaining the complexity of the supply chain. Indirect suppliers do not sell directly to the meatpackers, such as breeding and rearing farms.
- 10.
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
- 14.
- 15.
- 16.
- 17.
- 18.
- 19.
- 20.
Brazilian Association ov vegetable oil industries.
- 21.
We thank Graciela Froelich for these insights.
- 22.
See GTFI’s website https://gtfi.org.br/
- 23.
See Chapter “The Brazilian Forest Code: The Challenges of Legal Implementation” for a comprehensive analysis of the Forest Code.
- 24.
INPE or National Institute for Spatial Research is a federal government agency which monitors deforestation, degradation, fires, and other issues utilizing spatial analysis and data. One of its programs is called PRODES which monitors deforestation yearly since 1988.
- 25.
Undesignated public lands are areas owned by the federal or state governments which have not been attributed to a specific objective, may it be areas under protection as conservation units, parks, or indigenous territories or may it be military, private, or areas used for smallholder farms.
References
Alencar, A., Asner, G. P., Knapp, D., & Zarin, D. (2011). Temporal variability of forest fires in eastern Amazonia. Ecological Applications, 21, 2397–2412. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1168.1
Alencar, A. A., Moutinho, P. R. S., Arruda, Vera Laísa da, S., & Silvério, D. V. (2020). Amazônia em Chamas – O fogo e o desmatamento em 2019 e o que vem em 2020: nota técnica no 3. IPAM.
Assis, L. F. F. G., Ferreira, K. R., Vinhas, L., et al. (2019). Terra Brasilis: A spatial data analytics infrastructure for large-scale thematic mapping. ISPRS Int J Geo-Inf, 8, 513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8110513
Assunção, J., Gandour, C. C., & Rocha, R. (2012). Executive summary: Deforestation slowdown in the Brazilian Amazon: Prices or policies? Climate policy initiative Rio de Janeiro. Núcleo de Avaliação de Políticas Climáticas, PUC-Rio.
Azevedo, A. A., Stabile, M. C. C., & Reis, T. N. P. (2015). Commodity production in Brazil: Combining zero deforestation and zero illegality. Elem Sci Anthr, 3, 000076. https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000076
Azevedo-Ramos, C., & Moutinho, P. (2018). No man’s land in the Brazilian Amazon: Could undesignated public forests slow Amazon deforestation? Land Use Policy, 73, 125–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.01.005
Azevedo-Ramos, C., Moutinho, P., Arruda, V. L. d. S., et al. (2020). Lawless land in no man’s land: The undesignated public forests in the Brazilian Amazon. Land Use Policy, 99, 104863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104863
Brasil. (2004). PPCDAm – Plano de Ação para Prevenção e Controle do Desmatamento na Amazônia Legal. Brasília.
Brasil (2012) Lei no 12.651, de 25 de maio de 2012 (Dispõe sobre a proteção da vegetação nativa; altera as Leis nos 6.938, de 31 de agosto de 1981, 9.393, de 19 de dezembro de 1996, e 11.428, de 22 de dezembro de 2006; revoga as Leis nos 4.771, de 15 de setembro de 1965, e 7.754, de 14 de abril de 1989, e a Medida Provisória no 2.166–67, de 24 de agosto de 2001; e dá outras providências).
Carrero, G. C., Fearnside, P. M., do Valle, D. R., & de Souza Alves, C. (2020). Deforestation trajectories on a development frontier in the Brazilian Amazon: 35 years of settlement colonization, policy and economic shifts, and land accumulation. Environmental Management, 66, 966–984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-020-01354-w
Coalizão Brasil Clima Agricultura Florestas. (2021). Visão 2030–2050: o futuro das florestas e da agricultura no Brasil. Coalizão Brasil.
Souza, G. E. d. A. B. (2017). Distribuição de terra e renda e consumo alimentar na Amazônia rural: análises a partir da PNAD e POF. Doutora em Desenvolvimento Econômico, Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
Drigo, I. G., Piatto, M., & de Souza, L. I. (2021). Do Compromisso à Ação: A Trilha da Carne Bovina Responsável na Amazônia Brasileira. IMAFLORA.
Fearnside, P. M. (2001). Environmental impacts of Brazil’s Tucuruí dam: Unlearned lessons for hydroelectric development in Amazonia. Environmental Management, 27, 377–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002670010156
Fearnside, P.M., Troost, L., & Moutinho, P. (2022). Nova infraestrutura na Amazônia precisa contribuir para o fortalecimento da população amazônica e para a conservação do meio ambiente na região. July 12th 2022.
Ferrante, L., & Fearnside, P. M. (2020). The Amazon’s road to deforestation. Science, 369, 634–634. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd6977
Gibbs, H. K., Rausch, L., Munger, J., et al. (2015). Brazil’s Soy Moratorium. Science, 347, 377–378. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa0181
Greenpeace. (2006). Eating up the Amazon. Greenpeace International.
Greenpeace. (2015). Carne ao Molho Madeira: como os supermercados estão ajudando a devastar a Amazônia com a carne que está em suas prateleiras. Greenpeace.
Greenpeace-Brazil. (2009). Amazon cattle footprint. State of destruction. Greenpeace International.
Heilmayr, R., Rausch, L. L., Munger, J., & Gibbs, H. K. (2020). Brazil’s Amazon soy moratorium reduced deforestation. Nat Food, 1, 801–810. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-00194-5
IBGE. (2020). Portaria No PR-254, de 25 de Agosto de 2020. Diário Of. União 71.
IBGE. (2022a). Pesquisa Pecuária Municipal – Tabela 3939 – Efetivo dos rebanhos, por tipo de rebanho. IBGE.
IBGE. (2022b). Produção Agrícola Municipal – Tabela 1612 – Área plantada, área colhida, quantidade produzida e valor da produção da lavoura temporária. IBGE.
INPE. (2022). Projeto PRODES. In: Proj. PRODES Monit. Floresta Amaz. Bras. Por Satél. http://www.obt.inpe.br/OBT/assuntos/programas/amazonia/prodes. Accessed 17 Dec 2022.
Kastens, J. H., Brown, J. C., Coutinho, A. C., et al. (2017). Soy moratorium impacts on soybean and deforestation dynamics in Mato Grosso, Brazil. PLoS One, 12, e0176168. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176168
Lambin, E. F., Gibbs, H. K., Heilmayr, R., et al. (2018). The role of supply-chain initiatives in reducing deforestation. Nature Climate Change, 8, 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0061-1
Lovejoy, T. E., & Nobre, C. (2018). Amazon tipping point. Sci Adv, 4, eaat2340. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat2340
Moutinho, P., Guerra, R., & Azevedo-Ramos, C. (2016). Achieving zero deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: What is missing? Elem Sci Anthr, 4, 000125. https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000125
Moutinho, P., Alencar, A., Stabile, M. C. C., et al. (2022). Destinação de Florestas Públicas: um meio decombate à grilagem e ao desmatamento ilegal na Amazônia. Centro de Empreendorismo da Amazônia, Climate Policy Initiative, Imazon, PUC Rio, O mundo que queremos, Rio de Janeiro.
Nepstad, D., Carvalho, G., Cristina Barros, A., et al. (2001). Road paving, fire regime feedbacks, and the future of Amazon forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 154, 395–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00511-4
Nepstad, D., Soares-Filho, B. S., Merry, F., et al. (2009). The end of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Science, 326, 1350–1351. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182108
Nepstad, D., McGrath, D., Stickler, C., et al. (2014). Slowing Amazon deforestation through public policy and interventions in beef and soy supply chains. Science, 344, 1118–1123. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248525
Pfaff, A. S. P. (1999). What drives deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 37, 26–43. https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1998.1056
Rajão, R., Azevedo, A., & Stabile, M. C. C. (2012). Institutional subversion and deforestation: Learning lessons from the system for the environmental licensing of rural properties in Mato Grosso. Public Administration and Development, 32, 229–244. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1620
Rodrigues, A. S. L., Ewers, R. M., Parry, L., et al. (2009). Boom-and-bust development patterns across the Amazon deforestation frontier. Science, 324, 1435–1437. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1174002
Rylands, A. B., & Brandon, K. (2005). Brazilian protected areas. Conservation Biology, 19, 612–618. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00711.x
Salomão, C. S. C., Stabile, M. C. C., Souza, L., et al. (2021). Amazônia em Chamas – Desmatamento, fogo e pecuária em terras públicas: Nota técnica No. 8. IPAM.
Science Panel for the Amazon. (2021). Amazon Assessment Report 2021 (1st ed.). UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN).
Soares-Filho, B., Rajão, R., Macedo, M., et al. (2014). Cracking Brazil’s Forest code. Science, 344, 363–364. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246663
Stabile, M. C. C., Guimarães, A. L., Silva, D. S., et al. (2020). Solving Brazil’s land use puzzle: Increasing production and slowing Amazon deforestation. Land Use Policy, 91, 104362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104362
Strassburg, B. B. N., Latawiec, A. E., Barioni, L. G., et al. (2014). When enough should be enough: Improving the use of current agricultural lands could meet production demands and spare natural habitats in Brazil. Glob Environ Change, 28, 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.001
USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. (2022a). Oilseeds: World markets and trade. USDA.
USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. (2022b). Livestock and poultry: World markets and trade. USDA.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Guimarães, A.L., de Castro Chaves Stabile, M., Moutinho, P. (2023). Private Governance: Multistakeholder Initiatives and Moratoriums. In: Søndergaard, N., de Sá, C.D., Barros-Platiau, A.F. (eds) Sustainability Challenges of Brazilian Agriculture. Environment & Policy, vol 64. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29853-0_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29853-0_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-29852-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-29853-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)