Abstract
Outdoor education and environmental education developed as separate educational movements, each with distinctive aspects but also closely related, sharing some common content and underlying educational pedagogies. This chapter seeks to anchor this association leading to outdoor environmental education (OEE) as a contemporary form of environmental education in which the outdoors provides a setting conducive for meaningful teaching and learning in environmental education. The chapter opens with a brief presentation of the historical development of each field, continues in identifying several social–environmental factors and educational theories that lay the grounds for linking OE and EE. Through these, this chapter claims that the features of OEE contribute to its promise as progressive transformative education for cultivating environmental citizenship. Many educational systems still do not acknowledge the outdoors as legitimate learning settings that can promote meaningful learning in the contemporary world. This chapter closes in addressing some of the ongoing practical challenges confronting OEE that arise from this situation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The ‘forest school’ movement emerged originally in Scandinavia in the context of early childhood education, expanded to the United Kingdom in the 1990’s and is expanding worldwide.
References
Alkaher, I., Goldman, D., & Sagy, G. (2018). Culturally based education for sustainability – Insights from a pioneering ultraorthodox city in Israel. Sustainability, 10(10), 3721. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103721
Archie, M., & McCrea, E. (1998). Environmental education in the United States: Definition and direction. In M. Archie (Ed.), Environmental education in the United States – Past, present, future. Collected Papers of the 1996 National Environmental Education Summit (pp. 1–5).
Association for Experiential Education (AEE). (2012). What is experiential education? Retrieved from https://www.aee.org/what-is-ee
Banks, J. A. (2016). Cultural diversity and education – Foundations, curriculum, and teaching (6th ed.). Routledge.
Barry, J. (2006). Resistance is fertile: From environmental to sustainability citizenship. In A. Dobson & D. Bell (Eds.), Environmental citizenship (pp. 21–48). The MIT Press.
Beard, C. (2018). Dewey in the world of experiential education. New Directions for adult and continuing education, 2018(158), 27–37.
Bonnett, M. (2006). Education for sustainability as a frame of mind – reprinted from environmental education research (2002) 8 (1), pp. 9–20. Environmental Education Research, 12(3–4), 265–276.
Bonney, R., Shirk, J. L., Phillips, T. B., Wiggins, A., Ballard, H. L., Miller-Rushing, A. J., & Parrish, J. K. (2014). Next steps for citizen science. Science, 343(6178), 1436–1437.
Braus, J., & Disinger, J. (1998). Education roots of environmental education in the United States and their relationship to its current status. In M. Archie (Ed.), Environmental education in the United States – Past, present, and future. NAAEE.
Brundtland, G. H. (1987). Our common future – The world commission on environment and development. Oxford university Press.
Bunting, C. J. (2006). Interdisciplinary teaching through outdoor education. Human Kinetics.
Cao, B. (2015). Environment and citizenship. Routledge.
Capra, F., & Luigi Luisi, P. (2014). The systems view of life – A unifying vision. Cambridge University Press.
Chawla, L. (2009). Growing up to be green: Becoming and agent of care for the natural world. The Journal of Developmental Processes, 4(1), 6–23.
Chawla, L. (2020). Childhood nature connection and constructive hope: A review of research on connecting with nature and coping with environmental loss. People and Nature, 2(3), 619–642.
Činčera, J., Johnson, B., Kroufeck, R., & Ŝimanova, P. (2020). Values education in outdoor environmental education programs from the perspective of practitioners. Sustainability, 12, 4700.
Davis, J. M. (2009). Revealing the research ‘hole’ of early childhood education for sustainability: A preliminary survey of the literature. Environmental Education Research, 15(2), 227–241.
Davis, J. M. (2010). Young children and the environment: Early education for sustainability. Cambridge University Press.
Dobson, A. (2007). Environmental citizenship: Towards sustainable development. Sustainable Development, 15, 276–285.
Edward-Jones, A., Waite, S., & Passy, R. (2018). Falling in LINE: School strategies for overcoming challenges associated with learning in natural environments (LINE). Education, 46, 49–63.
Ergas, O. (2015). The deeper teachings of mindfulness-based curricular interventions as a reconstruction of “education”. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 49(2), 203–220.
European Commission, Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture. (2019). Key competences for lifelong learning. Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2766/569540
European network for Environmental Citizenship (ENEC). (2018). https://enec-cost.eu/
Fielle, K., & Nettles, J. (2017). Permission as support: Teachers perceptions of schoolyard pedagogy. Electronic Journal of Science Education, 23(3), 1–31.
Ford, P. (1986). Outdoor education: Definition and philosophy. ERIC Digest.
Forest School Association. (2020). https://www.forestschoolassociation.org/full-principles-and-criteria-for-good-practice/
Goldman, D., & Sarid, A. (2021). Connecting environmental citizenship and transformative leadership as a Foundation for a Dynamic Curricular Approach. In H. Arar, G. Kurtz, J. Abu-Hussein, & H. Bar-Ishai (Eds.), Education as a complex system. [in Hebrew].
Goldman, D., Ayalon, O., Baum, D., & Haham, S. (2015). Major matters: Relationship between academic major and university students’ environmental literacy and citizenship as reflected in their voting decisions and environmental activism. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 10(5), 671–693.
Goldman, D., Pe’er, S., & Yavetz, B. (2019). Socio-cultural anchors for incorporating sustainability in youth movements: Comparison among secular, religious and ultraorthodox movements. The Journal of Environmental Education, 51(3), 183–199.
Goldman, D., Alkaher, I., & Aram, I. (2021). “Looking garbage in the eyes”: From recycling to reducing consumerism-transformative environmental education at a waste treatment facility. The Journal of Environmental Education, 52(6), 398–416.
Gough, A. (2002). Mutualism: A different agenda for environmental and science education. International Journal of Science Education, 24(11), 1201–1215.
Gough, A. (2008). Towards more effective learning for sustainability: Reconceptualizing science education. Transnational Curriculum Inquiry, 5(1), 32–50.
Gough, A. (2013). The emergence of environmental education research. N. In R. B. Stevenson, M. Brody, J. Dillon, & A. E. J. Wals (Eds.), International handbook of research on environmental education (pp. 13–22). Routledge.
Greenwood, D. A. (2008). A critical pedagogy of place: From gridlock to parallax. Environmental Education Research, 14(3), 336–348.
Hadjichambis, A. C., & Reis, P. (2020). Introduction to the conceptualization of environmental citizenship for twenty-first century education. In A. C. Hadjichambis, P. Reis, & D. Paraskeva-Hadjichambi (Eds.), Conceptualizing environmental citizenship for 21st century education (pp. 9–24). Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-20249-1.
Ho, L. C., & Seow, T. (2015). Teaching controversial issues in geography: Climate change education in Singaporean schools. Theory & Research in Social Education, 43(3), 314–344.
Hollweg, K. S., Taylor, J. R., Bybee, R. W., Marcinkowski, T. J., McBeth, W. C., & Zoido, P. (2011). Developing a framework for assessing environmental literacy. North American Association for Environmental Education. http://www.naaee.net
Jickling, B., & Wals, A. E. J. (2008). Globalization and environmental education: Looking beyond sustainable development. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 40(1), 1–21.
Jickling, B., & Wals, A. E. J. (2013). Normative dimensions in environmental education research. In R. B. Stevenson, M. Brody, J. Dillon, & A. E. J. Wals (Eds.), International handbook of research on environmental education (pp. 69–73). Routledge.
Kesebir, S., & Kesebir, P. (2017). A growing disconnection from nature is evident in cultural products. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 258–269.
Knight, S. (2009). Forest schools and outdoor learning in early years. Sage.
Kolb, A. Y., & Kolb, D. A. (2012). Experiential learning theory. In N. M. Seel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning (pp. 1215–1219). Springer. https://sci-hub.tw/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-1428-6_227
Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 239–260.
Krasny, M. E., & Tidball, K. G. (2009). Community gardens as context for science, stewardship and advocacy learning. Cities and the Environment, 2(1), article 8, 18. http://escholarship.bc.edu/cate/vol2/iss1/8
Lavie Alon, N., & Tal, T. (2017). Field trips to natural environments: How outdoor educators use the physical environment. International Journal of Science Education, Part B, 7(3), 237–252.
Leopold, A. (1949). A sand county almanac. Ballantyne Books.
Liefländer, A. K., Fröhlich, G., Bogner, F. X., & Schultz, P. W. (2013). Promoting connectedness with nature through environmental education. Environmental Education Research, 19(3), 370–384.
Louv, R. (2005). Last child in the woods – Saving our children from nature-deficit disorder. Alonquin Books.
Lucas, A. M. (1973). Environment and environmental education: Conceptual issues and curriculum implications. (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1972). Dissertation Abstracts International, 33(11), 6064A.
Lucas, A. M. (1979). Environment and environmental education: Conceptual issues and curriculum implications. Australian International Press and Publications.
Marcinkowski, T., Shin, D., Noh, K. I., Negev, M., Sagy, G., Garb, Y., et al. (2013). National assessments of environmental literacy: A review, comparison, and analysis. N. In R. B. Stevenson, M. Brody, J. Dillon, & A. E. J. Wals (Eds.), International handbook of research on environmental education (pp. 310–330). Routledge.
Marouli, C. (2002). Multicultural environmental education: Theory and practice. Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, 7, 26–42.
Mayer, F. S., & Frantz, C. M. (2004). The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(4), 503–515.
McClintic, S., & Petty, K. (2015). Exploring early childhood teachers’ beliefs and practices about preschool outdoor play: A quantitative study. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education., 36(1), 24–43.
Motschnig, R., & Cornelius-White, J. H. D. (2012). Experiential/significant learning. In N. M. Seel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning (pp. 1219–1223). Springer.
Negev, M., & Garb, Y. (2014). Toward multicultural environmental education: The case of the Arab and ultraorthodox sectors in Israel. The Journal of Environmental Education, 45(3), 143–162.
Neil, J. T. (2008). Enhancing life effectiveness: The impacts of outdoor education programs. Thesis for degree of doctor of philosophy. University of Western Sydney.
Neth, E. L., Caldarella, P., Richardson, M. J., & Heath, M. A. (2020). Social-emotional learning in the middle grades: A mixed-methods evaluation of the strong kids program. RMLE Online, 43(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/19404476.2019.1701868
Nisbet, E. K., Zelenski, J. M., & Murphy, S. A. (2009). The nature relatedness scale: Linking individuals’ connection with nature to environmental concern and behavior. Environment and Behavior, 41, 715–740.
Nordström, H. K. (2008). Environmental education and multicultural education–too close to be separate? International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 17(2), 131–145.
North American Association for Environmental Education (NAAEE). (2010). Excellence in environmental education: Guidelines for learning (K-12). NAAEE.
O’Brien, L. (2009). Learning outdoors: The forest school approach. Education 3–13, 37(1), 45–60.
Olivos-Jara, P., Segura-Fernandez, R., Rubio-Perez, C., & Felipe-Garcia, B. (2020). Biophilia and biophobia as emotional attribution to nature in children of 5 years old. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00511
Olsson, D. (2022). Empowering political engagement with unsustainable actions: The possibilities and limitations of teaching guides for climate change education. Environmental Education Research, 28(8), 1109–1125.
Omasta, M., Graham, M., Milling, S. L., Murray, E., Jensen, A. P., & Siebert, J. J. (2021). Social emotional learning and the national core arts standards: A cross-disciplinary analysis of policy and practices. Arts Education Policy Review, 122(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632913.2020.1773366
Orion, N., & Hofstein, A. (1994). Factors that influence learning during a scientific field trip in a natural environment. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 31(10), 1097–1119.
Orr, D. W. (1992). Ecological literacy – Education and the transition to a postmodern world. State University of New York Press.
Palmer, J. A. (1998). Environmental education in the 21st century. Routledge.
Parra, G., Hansmann, R., Hadjichambis, A. C., Goldman, D., Paraskeva-Hadjichambis, D., Sund, P., Sund, L., Gericke, N., & Conti, D. (2020). Education for environmental citizenship and education for sustainability. In A. C. Hadjichambis, P. Reis, & D. Paraskeva-Hadjichambi (Eds.), Conceptualizing Environmental Citizenship for 21st Century Education (pp. 149–160). Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-20249-1.
Peter, M., Diekötter, T., & Kremer, K. (2019). Participant outcomes of biodiversity citizen science projects: A systematic review of the literature. Sustainability, 11(10), 2780. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102780
Pinchumphonsang, S., & Chanchalor, S. (2020). The development of social emotional learning programs in a cross-cultural elementary classroom. International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 27(1), 58–78. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIL.2020.103888
Pulkki, J., Dahlin, B., & Värri, V. M. (2017). Environmental education as a lived-body practice? A contemplative pedagogy perspective. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 51(1), 214–229.
Rickinson, M., Dillon, J., Teamey, K., Norris, M., Young Choi, M., Sanders, D., & Benefield, P. (2004). A review of research on outdoor learning. National Foundation for Educational Research and King’s College London.
Rodriguez, A. J., & Lee, O. (2012). Culture and context. In J. A. Bianchini, V. L. Akerson, A. Calabrese Barton, O. Lee, & A. J. Rodriguez (Eds.), Moving the equity agenda forward: Equity research, practice, and policy in science education (pp. 127–129). Springer.
Samuelson, I. P. (2011). Why we should begin early with ESD: The role of early childhood education. International Journal of Early Childhood, 43(2), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-011-0034-x
Sarid, A., & Goldman, D. (2021). A value-based framework connecting environmental citizenship and change agents for sustainability – Implications for education for environmental citizenship. Sustainability, 13(8), 4338. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084338
Skamp, K., & Bergmann, I. (2001). Facilitating learnscape development, maintenance and use: Teachers’ perceptions and self-reported practices. Environmental Education Research, 7(4), 333–358.
Smith, J. W. (1960). The scope of outdoor education. The Bulleting of the National Association of Secondary School Principals, 44(256), 156–158. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/019263656004425638
Smith, G. A. (2002). Place-based education – Learning to be where we are. Phi Delta Kappan, 83(8), 584–594.
Smith, G. A. (2007). Place-based education: Breaking through the constraining regularities of public school. Environmental Education Research, 13(2), 189–207.
Smith, G. A. (2013). Place-based education. In R. B. Stevenson, M. Brody, J. Dillon, & A. E. J. Wals (Eds.), International handbook of research on environmental education (pp. 213–220). Routledge.
Smith, T. E., & Knapp, C. E. (2011). Nature study, outdoor and environmental education. In T. E. Smith & C. E. Knapp (Eds.), Sourcebook of experiential education- Key thinkers and their contributions (pp. 81–85). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203838983
Sobel, D. (2004). Place-based education: Connecting classrooms & communities. Orion Society.
Soga, M., Evans, M. J., Yamanoi, T., Fukano, Y., Tsuchiya, K., Koyanagi, T. F., & Kanai, T. (2020). How can we mitigate against increasing biophobia among children during the extinction of experience? Biological Conservation, 242, 108420.
Stapp, W. B., et al. (1969). The concept of environmental education. The Journal of Environmental Education, 1(1), 30–31.
Sterling, S. (2009). Sustainable education – Re-visioning learning and change. Greenbooks.
Sterling, S. (2010). Learning for resilience, or the resilient learner? Towards a necessary reconciliation in a paradigm of sustainable education. Environmental Education Research, 16(5–6), 511–528.
Stevenson, R. B., Brody, M., Dillon, J., & Wals, A. E. J. (Eds). (2013). Introduction – An orientation to environmental education and the handbook. International handbook of research on environmental education. pp. (1–6). Routledge.
Sugg, S. T. (2013). Place-based education: Forcing hard questions. Journal of Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives in Education, 6(1), 56–63.
Tal, T. (2012). Out-of-school: Learning experiences, teaching and students’ learning. In B. Fraser, K. Tobin, & C. J. McRobbie (Eds.), Second international handbook of science education (pp. 1109–1122). Springer.
Tuuling, L., Oun, T., & Ugaste. (2018). Teacher’s opinions utilizing outdoor learning in the preschools of Estonia. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 19(4), 358–370.
UNESCO. (2002). Cultural diversity and biodiversity for sustainable development. Available online: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001322/132262e.pdf
UNESCO. (2005). Education and the search for a sustainable future. Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000179121
UNESCO. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Available online: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf
UNESCO. (2017). Education for sustainable development goals – Learning objectives. Available online: https://www.iau-hesd.net/sites/default/files/documents/247444e.pdf
UNESCO-UNEP. (1976). The Belgrade charter. Connect, 1(1), 1–9.
UNESCO-UNEP. (1978). The Tbilisi declaration. Connect, 3(1), 1–8.
United nations. (2000). Millennium development goals. Available at: https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Available at: ustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf
Uprety, Y., Asselin, H., Bergeron, Y., Doyon, F., & Boucher, J. F. (2012). Contribution of traditional knowledge to ecological restoration: Practices and applications. Ecoscience, 19(3), 225–237.
van Dijk-Wesselius, J. E., van den Berg, A. E., Maas, J., & Hovinga, D. (2020). Green schoolyards as outdoor learning environmental: Barriers and solutions as experienced by primary school teachers. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2919. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02919
Wals, A. E. J. (2009). Exploring pathways to sustainable living: Emancipatory environmental education. Area Studies (Regional Sustainable Development Review): Europe, 209–229.
Wals, A. E. J. (2011). Learning our way to sustainability. Journal of Education for Sustainable Development, 5(2), 177–186.
Wals, A. E. J., & Jickling, B. (2002). Sustainability in higher education: From doublethink and newspeak to critical thinking and meaningful learning. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 3(3), 221–232.
Wals, A. E., Brody, M., Dillon, J., & Stevenson, R. B. (2014). Convergence between science and environmental education. Science, 344(6184), 583–584.
Walter, P. (2013). Greening the net generation: Outdoor adult learning in the digital age. Adult Learning, 24(4), 151–158.
Woodhouse, J. L., & Knapp, C. E. (2000). Place-based curriculum and instruction: Outdoor and environmental education approaches. ERIC Digest, ED448012. Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED448012.pdf
Yavetz, B., Goldman, D., & Pe’er, S. (2009). Environmental literacy of pre-service teachers in Israel: A comparison between students at the onset and end of their studies. Environmental Education Research, 15(4), 393–415.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Goldman, D., Alkaher, I. (2023). Outdoor Environmental Education: Grounding a Tradition Within Environmental Education. In: Činčera, J., Johnson, B., Goldman, D., Alkaher, I., Medek, M. (eds) Outdoor Environmental Education in the Contemporary World. International Explorations in Outdoor and Environmental Education, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29257-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29257-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-29256-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-29257-6
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)