Abstract
Rural women are involved in community-based tourism initiatives at varying degrees. This chapter aims to determine the levels of involvement of rural women in community-based tourism activities. Also, the research addresses how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced rural women’s participation in community-based tourism. Empirical data from 40 women involved in community-based tourism in the Sengwe community, Zimbabwe, were used in the study. Based on Reid’s ladder of participation, the results indicate that women passively participate in community-based tourism by attending meetings to get feedback, and the least number self-mobilise themselves and participate as entrepreneurs. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic constrained the ability of women to run viable craft ventures due to limited markets and increased family care burden. The findings add to the discussion on how women’s participation in rural economies influences household livelihoods during the COVID-19 pandemic. So far, few studies have been concerned with ascertaining the nature of women’s participation in community-based tourism in rural contexts. This study identifies how rural women participate in community-based tourism and their impact on rural livelihoods.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Afenyo-Agbe, E., & Mensah, I. (2022). Principles, benefits, and barriers to community-based tourism: Implications for management. In Prospects and challenges of community-based tourism and changing demographics (pp. 1–29). IGI Global.
Amoako-atta, E., Dayour, F., & Bonye, S. Z. (2020). Community participation in the management of Wechiau Community Hippo Sanctuary, Ghana. Ghana Journal of Development Studies, 17(1), 1–24.
Arroyo, C. G., Barbieri, C., Sotomayor, S., & Knollenberg, W. (2019). Cultivating women’s empowerment through agritourism: Evidence from Andean Communities. Sustainability, 11(3058), 1–14.
Bagus, S. I., Imade, S. U., Nyoman, S. I. A., & Putu, W. S. N. (2019). Community based tourism as sustainable tourism support. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 94(10), 70–78.
Boasiako, A. A., & Yeboah, I. (2021). Assessing the relevance of community participation in local tourism activities. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 5(5), 60–66.
Burgos, A., & Mertens, F. (2017). Participatory management of community-based tourism: A network perspective. Community Development, 5330, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2017.1344996
Chamunogwa, A. (2021). The impact of COVID 19 on socio-economic rights in Zimbabwe. .
Chigonda, T. (2017). Exploring livelihood benefits from a community-based conservation area in south-eastern Zimbabwe. The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 5(9), 219–228.
Chipfuva, T., Nzonzo, J., & Muchenje, B. (2015). Challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in the tourism sector in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Social & Allied Research, 1(1), 25–33.
Chirenje, L. I., Giliba, R. A., & Musamba, E. B. (2013). Local communities’ participation in decision-making processes through planning and budgeting in african countries. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 11(1), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10042857.2013.777198
Chirisa, I., Mavhima, B., Nyevera, T., Chigudu, A., Makochekanwa, A., Matai, J., et al. (2021). The impact and implications of COVID-19: Reflections on the Zimbabwean society. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 4(1), 100183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100183
Chirume, E., & Kaseke, N. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) in Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 23(1), 101–110.
Chitsike, C. (2000). Culture as a barrier to rural women’s entrepreneurship: Experience from Zimbabwe. Gender and Development, 8(1), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/741923408
Chiutsi, S., & Saarinen, J. (2017). Local participation in transfrontier tourism: Case of Sengwe community in great Limpopo transfrontier conservation area, Zimbabwe. Development Southern Africa, 34(3), 260–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2016.1259987
Clark, L., Clark, C., & Siers, S. (2018). Brown tree snakes methods and approaches for control. In W. Pitt, J. Beasley, & G. Witmer (Eds.), Ecology and management of terrestrial invasive species in the United States (pp. 107–134). CRC Press.
Diamantes, D. (2004). Ecotourism: management and assessment. Cengage Learning.
Dube, K. (2022). Nature-based tourism resources and climate change in southern Africa: Implications for conservation and development sustainability. In Protected areas and tourism in Southern Africa (pp. 161–174). Routledge.
Dzingirai, V. (2004). Disenfranchisement at large: Transfrontier zones, conservation and local livelihoods. IUCN ROSA.
Fuhrman, S., & Rhodes, F. (2021). Where are the women: The absence of women in COVID-19 response, UN.
Gajić, T. (2021). Is the participation of women in the rural tourism development of serbia visible? Journal of Tourism and Sports Management, 4(2), 498–505.
Gandiwa, E., Zisadza-Gandiwa, P., Mashapa, C., & Libombo, E. (2014). An assessment of local people’s participation in natural resources conservation in southern Zimbabwe. Journal of Environmental Research and Management, 5(2), 42–46.
Giampiccoli, A., & Mtapuri, O. (2012). Community-based tourism: An exploration of the concept(s) from a political perspective. Tourism Review International, 16(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427212x13431568321500
Giampiccoli, A., & Mtapuri, O. (2017). Beyond community-based tourism. Towards a new tourism sector classification system. Gazeta de Antropologia, 33(1), 1–14.
Giampiccoli, A., & Saayman, M. (2018). Community-based tourism development model and community participation. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 7(14), 1–27.
Giampiccoli, A., & Mtapuri, O. (2020). Towards a coalescence of the community-based tourism and ‘Albergo Difusso’ tourism models for Sustainable Local Economic Development. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism & Leisure, 9(1), 1–20.
Giddy, J. K., & Webb, N. L. (2018). The influence of the environment on adventure tourism: From motivations to experiences. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(18), 2132–2146. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1245715
Gohori, O., & van der Merwe, P. (2021). Limitations to community participation in tourism from local people’s perspectives: Manicaland Province, Zimbabwe. Development Southern Africa, 1–15.
Gopaul, M. (2006). The significance of rural areas in South Africa for tourism. University of South Africa.
Gutierrez, E. L. M. (2022). Participation in tourism cases on community-based tourism (CBT) in the Philippines. Ritsumeikan Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 37(1), 23–36.
Hlengwa, D. C., & Maruta, A. T. (2019). Community based tourism ventures apt for communities around the save valley conservancy in Zimbabwe. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(2), 1–17.
Ismail, S. M., & Halim, N. A. (2014). Women participation in rural development particularly in community-based tourism. In A case: Kampung Mangkuk, Setiu, Terengganu. International conference on urban and regional planning (pp. 1–11). UTM.
Jones, B. T. B. (2002). Chobe Enclave, Botswana – lessons learnt from a CBNRM project 1993–2002. CBNRM Support Programme Occasional Paper No. 7, (7), 30.
Kavita, E., & Saarinen, J. (2016). Tourism and rural community development in Namibia: Policy issues review. Fennia, 194(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.11143/46331
Kepher-Gona, J., & Atieno, L. (2022). Community-based tourism in Africa. Sustainable Tourism Dialogues in Africa, 7(327).
Khumalo, K. E, & Freimund, W. A. (2014). Society & natural resources: An expanding women’s choices through employment? Community-based natural resource management and women’s empowerment in Kwandu Conservancy, Namibia (October). https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2014.905893
Khumalo, K. E., & Yung, L. A. (2015). Women, human-wildlife conflict, and CBNRM: hidden impacts and vulnerabilities in Kwandu Conservancy, Namibia. Conservation and Society, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.170395
Kongolo, M., & Bamgose, O. O. (2002). Participation of rural women in development: A case study of Tsheseng, Thintwa, and Makhalaneng Villages, South Africa. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 4(1), 79–92.
Lee, T., & Jan, F. (2019). Can community-based tourism contribute to sustainable development? Evidence from residents’ perceptions of the sustainability. Tourism Management, 70, 368–380.
Lenao, M. (2015). Challenges facing community-based cultural tourism development at Lekhubu Island, Botswana: A comparative analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(6), 579–594. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.827158
Lintangkawuryan, Y. (2022). Community participation for sustainable tourism model in Tulamben, Bali. In Current issues in tourism, gastronomy, and tourist destination research (pp. 19–25). Routledge.
Lucas, S. R. (2014). Beyond the existence proof: Ontological conditions, epistemological implications, and in-depth interview research. Quality & Quantity, 48, 387–408.
Makandwa, G. (2021). Community-based tourism for sustainability: The entrepreneurial skills of the rural women in Southern Africa. NorthWest University.
Makandwa, G., De Klerk, S., & Saayman, A. (2021). Understanding the experiences of rural women in sustaining tourism enterprises. In M. Valeri & V. Katsoni (Eds.), Gender and tourism: Challenges and entrepreneurial opportunities (pp. 93–112). Emerald Publishing.
Makandwa, G., de Klerk, S., & Saayman, A. (2022). Culturally-based community tourism ventures in Southern Africa and rural women entrepreneurs’ skills. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2052267
Manwa, H. (2003). Wildlife based tourism ecology and sustainability; a tug of war among competing interests in Zimbabwe. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Sports, 14, 45–54.
Mbaiwa, J. E., & Tshamekang, T. E. (2012). Developing a viable community-based tourism project in Botswana: The case of the Chobe Enclave Conservation Trust. World Sustainable Development Outlook, 519–536.
Mhaka, V. (2014). The impact of foreign donor funding withdrawal on the sustainability of the CAMPFIRE programme. Some reflections from Hurungwe District CAMPFIRE. Bindura University of Science Education.
Mkhize, G., & Cele, N. (2017). The role of women in tourism in KwaZulu-Natal. Agenda, 31(1), 128–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2017.1371527
Mkono, M., Rastegar, R., & Ruhanen, L. (2021). Empowering women to protect wildlife in former hunting tourism zones: A political ecology of Akashinga, Zimbabwe. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1900205
Mudimba, T., & Tichaawa, T. M. (2017). Voices of local communities regarding their involvement and roles in the tourism development process in Victoria. African Journal of Hospitality, 6(4), 1–15.
Mudzengi, B. K., Gandiwa, E., Muboko, N., Mutanga, C. N., & Chiutsi, S. (2021). Ecotourism resilience: The case of Mahenye community project, Chipinge District, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 10(2), 459–471.
Mudzengi, B. K., Gandiwa, E., Muboko, N., & Mutanga, C. N. (2022). Innovative community ecotourism coping and recovery strategies to COVID-19 pandemic shocks: The case of Mahenye. Development Southern Africa, 39(1), 68–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2021.1980375
Musavengane, R., Siakwah, P., & Leonard, L. (2019). “Does the poor matter” in pro-poor driven sub-Saharan African cities? Towards progressive and inclusive pro-poor tourism. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(3), 392–411. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-05-2019-0057
Musavengane, R., Leonard, L., & Mureyani, S. (2020). Doing tourism in Southern Africa amid the coronavirus pandemic: Navigating political, socio- economic and environmental inequalities. Development Southern Africa. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2020.1829459
Muyambo, N., Mlilo, P., Mathe, U., & Chitongo, L. (2022). Perceived knowledge on management of COVID-19 by rural, youths and women: A blurred dialectic of the ontologies and experiences in rural Gwanda South, Zimbabwe. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(2069208), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2069208
Muzeza, D. (2013). The impact of institutions of governance on communities’ livelihoods and sustainable conservation in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park (GLTP): The study of Sengwe and Makuleke communities. The Cape Peninsula University of Technology.
Ngo, T., Lohmann, G., & Hales, R. (2018). Collaborative marketing for the sustainable development of community-based tourism enterprises: Voices from the field. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(8), 1325–1343. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1443114
Nhamo, G., Dube, K., & Chikodzi, D. (2020). Counting the cost of COVID-19 on the global tourism industry. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/2F978-3-030-562
Nkwanyana, M. S., Ezeuduji, I. O., & Nzama, A. T. (2016). Cultural heritage tourism in South Africa: Perceived a panacea for rural development? Acta Universitatis Danubius: Oeconomica, 12(6), 160–167.
Nyaruwata, S., & Nyaruwata, L. (2013). Gender equity and executive management in tourism: Challenges and in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Region. African Journal of Business Management, 7(2), 2059–2070.
OECD (2021). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Jobs and Incomes in G20 Economies. ILO-OECD Paper Prepared at the Request of G20 Leaders Saudi Arabia’s G20 Presidency.
Okazaki, E. (2008). A community-based tourism model: Its conception and use. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(5), 511. https://doi.org/10.2167/jost782.0
Otieno, V. (2017). The work-life balance experiences of selected women entrepreneurs in Manzini, Swaziland. The University of KwaZulu -Natal.
Panta, S. K., & Thapa, B. (2018). Entrepreneurship and women’s empowerment in gateway communities of Bardia National Park, Nepal. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(1), 20–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2017.1299743
Phanumat, W., Sangsnit, N., Mitrchob, C., Keasang, S., & Noithammaraj, P. (2015). A multi-stakeholder participatory approach in community-based tourism development: A case study from Thailand. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 193, 915–928. https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP150771
Phungwayo, L. G., & Mogashoa, T. (2014). The role of entrepreneurship on the socio-economic development of rural women: A case study of Kwa-Mhlanga in the Mpumalanga Province (Republic of South Africa). International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(9), 71–78.
Pradini, G., Kusumaningrum, A. P., & Agustiani, F. (2022). Social benefits of community-based tourism activities in Betawi Setu Babakan Cultural Village, South Jakarta. International Journal of Economics, Management and Social Sciences, 2(2), 233–241.
Rasanjali, C., Sivashankar, P., Rohana, P., Lanka, S., & Lanka, S. (2021). Women participation in rural tourism: A case of Ella. Sri Lanka., 7(2), 256–269.
Reid, R. (1999). Ecotourism development in Eastern and Southern Africa. Weaver Press.
Reid, H. (2001). Contractual national parks and the Makuleke community. Human Ecology, 29(2), 135–155. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011072213331
Runyowa, D. (2017). Community-based tourism development in Victoria Falls, Kompisi Cultural Village: An entrepreneur’s model. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 6(2), 1–7.
Salazar, N. B. (2012). Community-based cultural tourism: Issues, threats and opportunities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(1), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.596279
Sandbrook, C., & Adams, W. M. (2012). Accessing the impenetrable: The nature and distribution of tourism benefits at a Ugandan National Park. Society & Natural Resources: An International Journal, 25(9), 915–932.
Segobye, A. K., Mpolokang, M., Shereni, N. C., Mago, S., & Seleka, M. (2022). Community-based tourism as a pathway towards sustainable livelihoods and well-being in Southern Africa. In Southern African perspectives on sustainable tourism management (pp. 125–138). Springer.
Sithole, N., Giampiccoli, A., & Jugmohan, S. (2021). Towards a spontaneous community participation model in community- based tourism. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 10(1), 222–237.
Suich, H. (2013). Evaluating the household level outcomes of community based natural resource management: The Tchuma Tchato Project and Kwandu Conservancy. Ecology and Society, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05875-180425
Tavuyanago, B. (2016). Living on the fringes of a protected area: Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) and the indigenous communities of South East Zimbabwe, 1934–2008. University of Pretoria.
Tchakatumba, P. K., Gandiwa, E., Mwakiwa, E., Clegg, B., & Nyasha, S. (2019). Does the CAMPFIRE programme ensure economic benefits from wildlife to households in Zimbabwe? Ecosystems and People, 15(1), 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2019.1599070
Tosun, C. (2014). Towards a typology of community participation in the tourism development stages in the emergence of a participatory tourism development approach in the developing world (December 1999). https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.1999.9686975
Tshabalala, S. P., & Ezeuduji, I. O. (2016). Tshabalala Women tourism entrepreneurs. Œconomica, 12(5), 1–12.
UN Women. (2021). Advancing women’s economic empowerment in the tourism sector in COVID-19 response and recovery. UNWTO, Madrid.
UNWTO. (2021). World tourism barometer, statistical annex. UNWTO, Madrid.
Valdez, Z. (2016). Intersectionality, the household economy, and ethnic entrepreneurship. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(9), 1618–1636.
Wang, Q., Liao, Y. E., & Gao, J. (2022). Rural residents’ intention to participate in Pro-Poor Tourism in Southern Xinjiang: A theory of planned behavior perspective. Sustainability, 14(14), 8653.
Woyo, E. (2021). The sustainability of using domestic tourism as a post-COVID-19 recovery strategy in a distressed destination. In W. Wörndl (Ed.), Information and communication technologies in tourism 2021 (pp. 476–489). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65785-7
Yanes, A., Zielinski, S., Cano, M. D., & Kim, S. (2019). Community-based tourism in developing countries: A framework for policy evaluation. Sustainability, 11(9), 1–23.
Zhou, Z. (2014). Southern Africa tourism industry: Recent trends and future prospects. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Systems, 7(2).
Zielinski, S., Kim, S. I., Botero, C., & Yanes, A. (2020). Factors that facilitate and inhibit community-based tourism initiatives in developing countries. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(6), 723–739.
Zinhiva, H., Murwendo, T., & Rusinga, O. (2017). Stream bank cultivation along Chiredzi River in Zaka District, Zimbabwe: An activity widely practiced but institutionall condemned. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment & Research, 2(05), 79–96.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Makandwa, G., Makudza, F., Muparangi, S. (2023). Women’s Participation in Community-Based Tourism During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case of Sengwe Community in Zimbabwe. In: Dube, K., Kupika, O.L., Chikodzi, D. (eds) COVID-19, Tourist Destinations and Prospects for Recovery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28340-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28340-6_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-28339-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-28340-6
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)