Abstract
Executive Functions are a group of cognitive abilities that guide the behavior of individuals towards achieving goals, regulation and control of thoughts, emotions, and inhibition of behavioral tendencies. The healthy development of the executive components are predictors of several aspects in the life of individuals, such as success in professional life, academic performance, and socio-affective relationships. Studies indicate that impairments in the Executive Functions are directly related to several known clinical conditions, e.g., depression and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Investigations show that it is possible to foster the components of Executive Functions, so that individuals can obtain cognitive gains, promoting benefits in several aspects of one’s life, especially when it occurs during childhood and adolescenthood. Digital games are a cultural artifact present in the lives of children and adolescents and have been increasingly used in educational settings. Therefore, investigations based on robust evidence are needed about cognitive stimulation using digital games in the school context. This chapter presents five challenges in the field, and how to evaluate them: (I) Development of Digital Games for Cognitive Stimulation and Assessment; (II) Methodologies using Digital Games; (III) Applications within the School Environment and Brazilian Scope; (IV) Difficulty Curves in Digital Games; (V) Cognitive Stimulation in the School Context after Social Isolation by COVID-19.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alves, L.: Jogos Digitais e Funções Executivas: Desenvolvimento, Pesquisas e Aprendizagens Mediadas Pelo Gamebook Guardiões da Floresta, 1st edn. EDUFBA, Salvador (2021)
Baniqued, P.L., et al.: Cognitive training with casual video games: points to consider. Front. Psychol. 4, 1010 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.01010
Barnett, W.S., et al.: Educational effects of the tool of the mind curriculum: a randomized trial. Early Child. Res. Q. 23(3), 299–313 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2008.03.001
Benites Cerqueira, B., Barbosa, D.N.F., Mossmann, J.B., Cardoso, C.D.O., Barbosa, J.L.V.: Inhibitory control stimulation in elementary school children through digital games: a systematic mapping study. Appl. Neuropsychol. Child 11(3), 541–552 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2020.1843040
Bernier, A., Carlson, S.M., Whipple, N.: From external regulation to self-regulation: early parenting precursors of young children’s executive functioning. Child Dev. 81(1), 326–339 (2010)
Best, J.R., Miller, P.H.: A developmental perspective on executive function. Child Dev. 81(6), 1641–1660 (2010)
Blair, C., Razza, R.P.: Relating effortful control, executive function, and false belief understanding to emerging math and literacy ability in kindergarten. Child Dev. 78(2), 647–663 (2007)
Borella, E., Carretti, B., Pelegrina, S.: The specific role of inhibition in reading comprehension in good and poor comprehenders. J. Learn. Disabil. 43(6), 541–552 (2010)
Brito, G.R., Maia, S.A.Á., Seabra, A.G.: Teste de fluência em leitura (TFL): desenvolvimento, evidências de validade e precisão. Neuropsicología Latinoamericana 13(2), 11–22 (2021)
Bull, R., Espy, K.A., Wiebe, S.A.: Short-term memory, working memory, and executive functioning in preschoolers: Longitudinal predictors of mathematical achievement at age 7 years. Dev. Neuropsychol. 33(3), 205–228 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1080/87565640801982312
Cardoso, C.D.O., Dias, N., Senger, J., Colling, A.P.C., Seabra, A.G., Fonseca, R.P.: Neuropsychological stimulation of executive functions in children with typical development: a systematic review. Appl. Neuropsychol. Child 7(1), 61–81 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2016.1241950
Cardoso, C.D.O., Seabra, A.G., Gomes, C.M.A., Fonseca, R.P.: Program for the neuropsychological stimulation of cognition in students: impact, effectiveness, and transfer effects on student cognitive performance. Front. Psychol. 10, 1784 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01784
Cardoso, C.O.: Programas de intervenção neuropsicológica precoce-preventiva: estimulação das funções executivas em escolares. PhD Dissertation — Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre – Brazil (2017)
Carlson, S.M., Moses, L.J., Claxton, L.J.: Individual differences in executive functioning and theory of mind: an investigation of inhibitory control and planning ability. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 87(4), 299–319 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2004.01.002
Cerqueira, B.B., Barbosa, D.N.F., Mossmann, J.B.: Revisão exploratória de literatura em jogos digitais voltados para estimulação do controle inibitório em crianças do ensino fundamental. Revista Conhecimento Online 3, 28–40 (2018)
Cerqueira, B.B., Barbosa, D.N.F., Mossmann, J.B., Barbosa, J.L.V.: Adaptation of an educational exergame to mobile platforms: a development process. Commun. Comput. Inf. Sci. 1, 287–298 (2018)
Chiang, H.L., Gau, S.S.F.: Impact of executive functions on school and peer functions in youths with ADHD. Res. Dev. Disabil. 35(5), 963–972 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.02.010
Christ, S.E., Holt, D.D., White, D.A., Green, L.: Inhibitory control in children with autism spectrum disorder. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 37(6), 1155–1165 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0259-y
Christopher, M.E., et al.: Predicting word reading and comprehension with executive function and speed measures across development: a latent variable analysis. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 141(3), 470 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027375
Cicchetti, D.: The impact of social experience on neurobiological systems: illustration from a constructivist view of child maltreatment. Cogn. Dev. 17(3–4), 1407–1428 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2014(02)00121-1
Colvert, E., et al.: Do theory of mind and executive function deficits underlie the adverse outcomes associated with profound early deprivation?: findings from the English and Romanian adoptees study. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 36(7), 1057–1068 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9232-x
Conklin, H.M., Luciana, M., Hooper, C.J., Yarger, R.S.: Working memory performance in typically developing children and adolescents: behavioral evidence of protracted frontal lobe development. Dev. Neuropsychol. 31(1), 103–128 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326942dn3101_6
Cruz, V.T., et al.: A rehabilitation tool designed for intensive web-based cognitive training: description and usability study. JMIR Res. Protoc. 2(2), e59 (2013). https://doi.org/10.2196/resprot.2899
Dalsgaard, S., Østergaard, S.D., Leckman, J.F., Mortensen, P.B., Pedersen, M.G.: Mortality in children, adolescents, and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide cohort study. Lancet 385(9983), 2190–2196 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61684-6
Dexter, D.D., Park, Y.J., Hughes, C.A.: A meta-analytic review of graphic organizers and science instruction for adolescents with learning disabilities: implications for the intermediate and secondary science classroom. Learn. Disabil. Res. Pract. 26(4), 204–213 (2011)
Diamond, A., Lee, K.: Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science 333(6045), 959–964 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204529
Diamond, A., Ling, D.S.: Conclusions about interventions, programs, and approaches for improving executive functions that appear justified and those that, despite much hype, do not. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 18, 34–48 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.11.005
Diamond, A., Ling, D.: Review of the evidence on, and fundamental questions about, efforts to improve executive functions, including working memory. In: Novick, J., et al. (eds.) Cognitive and Working Memory Training: Perspectives from Psychology, Neuroscience, and Human Development, pp. 143–431. Oxford University Press, New York (2020)
Diamond, A.: Activities and programs that improve children’s executive functions. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 21(5), 335–341 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412453722
Diamond, A.: Executive functions. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 64, 135–168 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
Dias, N.M., Seabra, A.G.: Is it possible to promote executive functions in preschoolers? A case study in Brazil. Int. J. Child Care Educ. Policy 9(1), 1–18 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40723-015-0010-2
Dias, N.M., Seabra, A.G.: Intervention for executive functions development in early elementary school children: effects on learning and behaviour, and follow-up maintenance. Educ. Psychol. 37(4), 468–486 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2016.1214686
Dovis, S., Van der Oord, S., Wiers, R.W., Prins, P.J.: Improving executive functioning in children with ADHD: training multiple executive functions within the context of a computer game. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. PloS ONE 10(4), e0121651 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121651
Duncan, G.J., et al.: School readiness and later achievement. Dev. Psychol. 43(6), 1428 (2007)
Eichenbaum, A., Bavelier, D., Green, C.S.: Fundamental questions surrounding efforts to improve cognitive function through video game training. In: Novick, J., et al. (eds.) Cognitive and Working Memory Training: Perspectives from Psychology, Neuroscience, and Human Development, pp. 432–454. Oxford University Press, New York (2020)
Fairchild, G., et al.: Decision making and executive function in male adolescents with early-onset or adolescence-onset conduct disorder and control subjects. Biol. Psychiatry 66(2), 162–168 (2009)
Fonseca, R.P., Sganzerla, G.C., Enéas, L.V.: Fechamento das escolas na pandemia de COVID-19: impacto socioemocional, cognitivo e de aprendizagem. Debates em Psiquiatria 10(4), 28–37 (2020)
Fosco, W.D., Kofler, M.J., Alderson, R.M., Tarle, S.J., Raiker, J.S., Sarver, D.E.: Inhibitory control and information processing in ADHD: comparing the dual task and performance adjustment hypotheses. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 47(6), 961–974 (2019)
Friedman, N.P., Miyake, A.: Unity and diversity of executive functions: individual differences as a window on cognitive structure. Cortex 86, 186–204 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.023
Frolli, A., et al.: The impact of COVID-19 on cognitive development and executive functioning in adolescents: a first exploratory investigation. Brain Sci. 11(9), 1222 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091222
Gonçalves, H.A., Viapiana, V.F., Sartori, M.S., Giacomoni, C.H., Stein, L.M., Fonseca, R.P.: Funções executivas predizem o processamento de habilidades básicas de leitura, escrita e matemática? Neuropsicologia Latinoamericana 9(3) (2017)
Holmes, J., Gathercole, S.E., Dunning, D.L.: Adaptive training leads to sustained enhancement of poor working memory in children. Dev. Sci. 12(4), F9–F15 (2009)
Hughes, C., Ensor, R.: Executive function and theory of mind: predictive relations from ages 2 to 4. Dev. Psychol. 43(6), 1447 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1447
Institute of Digital Media and Child Development Working Group on Games for Health, Baranowski, T., Blumberg, F., Buday, R., DeSmet, A., Fiellin, L.E., Young, K.: Games for health for children—current status and needed research. Games Health J. 5(1), 1–12 (2016)
Jurado, M.B., Rosselli, M.: The elusive nature of executive functions: a review of our current understanding. Neuropsychol. Rev. 17(3), 213–233 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-007-9040-z
Kassai, R., Futo, J., Demetrovics, Z., Takacs, Z.K.: A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence on the near-and far-transfer effects among children’s executive function skills. Psychol. Bull. 145(2), 165 (2019)
Kenworthy, L., Yerys, B.E., Anthony, L.G., Wallace, G.L.: Understanding executive control in autism spectrum disorders in the lab and in the real world. Neuropsychol. Rev. 18(4), 320–338 (2008)
Klingberg, T., et al.: Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD - a randomized, controlled trial. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 44(2), 177–186 (2005)
Krause, K.K.G., Hounsell, M.S., Gasparini, I.: A model for the interrelationship between executive functions and elements of digital games. Braz. J. Comput. Educ. 28, 596–625 (2020). https://doi.org/10.5753/RBIE.2020.28.0.596
Krause, K.K.G., Hounsell, M.S., Gasparini, I.: Aplicações dos jogos digitais nas funções executivas: um mapeamento sistemático da literatura. In: XVII Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames), pp. 54–62. SBC, Foz do Iguaçu (2018)
Lavigne-Cerván, R., Costa-López, B., Juárez-Ruiz de Mier, R., Real-Fernández, M., Sánchez-Muñoz de León, M., Navarro-Soria, I.: Consequences of COVID-19 confinement on anxiety, sleep and executive functions of children and adolescents in Spain. Front. Psychol. 12, 334 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.565516
León, C.B.R., Rodrigues, C.C., Seabra, A.G., Dias, N.M.: Funções executivas e desempenho escolar em crianças de 6 a 9 anos de idade. Revista Psicopedagogia 30(92), 113–120 (2013)
Levin, H.S., Hanten, G.: Executive functions after traumatic brain injury in children. Pediatr. Neurol. 33(2), 79–93 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.02.002
Mackey, A.P., Hill, S.S., Stone, S.I., Bunge, S.A.: Differential effects of reasoning and speed training in children. Dev. Sci. 14(3), 582–590 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01005.x
Mansur-Alves, M., Saldanha-Silva, R.: Does working memory training promote changes in fluid intelligence? Temas em Psicologia 25(2), 787–807 (2017). https://doi.org/10.9788/TP2017.2-19En
McClelland, M.M., Cameron, C.E., Connor, C.M., Farris, C.L., Jewkes, A.M., Morrison, F.J.: Links between behavioral regulation and preschoolers’ literacy, vocabulary, and math skills. Dev. Psychol. 43(4), 947 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.947
Melby-Lervåg, M., Hulme, C.: Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review. Dev. Psychol. 49(2), 270–291 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028228
Melby-Lervåg, M., Redick, T.S., Hulme, C.: Working memory training does not improve performance on measures of intelligence or other measures of “far transfer” evidence from a meta-analytic review. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 11(4), 512–534 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616635612
Miller, H.V., Barnes, J.C., Beaver, K.M.: Self-control and health outcomes in a nationally representative sample. Am. J. Health Behav. 35(1), 15–27 (2011). https://doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.35.1.2
Miyake, A., Friedman, N.P., Emerson, M.J., Witzki, A.H., Howerter, A., Wager, T.D.: The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cogn. Psychol. 41(1), 49–100 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
Moffitt, T.E., et al.: A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108(7), 2693–2698 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010076108
Monette, S., Bigras, M., Guay, M.C.: The role of the executive functions in school achievement at the end of Grade 1. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 109(2), 158–173 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.01.008
Mossmann, J.B., Cerqueira, B.B., Barbosa, D.N., Fonseca, R.P., Reategui, E.B.: The planning of difficulty curves in an exergame for inhibitory control stimulation in a school intervention program: a pilot study. Front. Psychol. 10, 2271 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02271
Mossmann, J.: Exergames Como Mediadores Da Estimulação De Componentes Das Funções Executivas Em Crianças Do Ensino Fundamental I. 261 p. PhD Dissertation, Doutorado em Informática na Educação. PPGIE/UFRGS, Brasil (2018)
Navarro-Soria, I., Real-Fernández, M., Juárez-Ruiz de Mier, R., Costa-López, B., Sánchez, M., Lavigne, R.: Consequences of confinement due to COVID-19 in Spain on anxiety, sleep and executive functioning of children and adolescents with ADHD. Sustainability 13(5), 2487 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.565516
Parsons, T.D.: Virtual reality for enhanced ecological validity and experimental control in the clinical, affective and social neurosciences. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 9, 660 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00660
Pazeto, T.D.C.B., Dias, N.M., Gomes, C.M.A., Seabra, A.G.: Prediction of reading and writing in elementary education through early childhood education. Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão 40 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-3703003205497
Penades, R., Catalan, R., Rubia, K., Andres, S., Salamero, M., Gasto, C.: Impaired response inhibition in obsessive compulsive disorder. Eur. Psychiatry 22(6), 404–410 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.05.001
Pinto, A.B.: Desenvolvimento das funções executivas em crianças dos 6 aos 11 anos de idade. PhD Dissertation, Universidade do Porto, Porto (2008)
Pires, E.U., Landeira-Fenandez, J.: Development of a computerized tool to assess executive skills in children: O Jogo das Cartas Mágicas. PhD Dissertation, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (2014)
Prins, P.J.M., et al.: Braingame brian: toward an executive function training program with game elements for children with ADHD and cognitive control problems. Games Health J. 2, 44–49 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2013.0004
Ramos, D.K., Melo, H.M.: Can digital games in school improve attention? A study of Brazilian elementary school students. J. Comput. Educ. 6(1), 5–19 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-018-0111-3
Ramos, D.K., Garcia, F.: Jogos digitais e aprimoramento do controle inibitório: um estudo com crianças do atendimento educacional especializado. Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial 25(1), 37–54 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-65382519000100003
Sala, G., Gobet, F.: Working memory training in typically developing children: a meta-analysis of the available evidence. Dev. Psychol. 53(4), 671 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000265
Salum, G.A., et al.: Specificity of basic information processing and inhibitory control in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol. Med. 44(3), 617–631 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713000639
Schell, J.: The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses. CRC Press, Florida (2008)
Seabra, A.G., Laros, J.A., Macedo, E.C., Abreu, N.: Inteligência e funções executivas: avanços e desafios para a avaliação neuropsicológica, pp. 39–50. Memnon, São Paulo (2014)
Seabra, A., Dias, N.: Avaliação Neuropsicológica Cognitiva: Atenção e Funções Executivas. Memnon, São Paulo, SP (2012)
Spaniol, M.M., Shalev, L., Kossyvaki, L., Mevorach, C.: Attention training in autism as a potential approach to improving academic performance: a school-based pilot study. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 48(2), 592–610 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3371-2
Staiano, A.E., Calvert, S.L.: Exergames for physical education courses: physical, social, and cognitive benefits. Child Dev. Perspect. 5(2), 93–98 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00162.x
Takacs, Z.K., Kassai, R.: The efficacy of different interventions to foster children’s executive function skills: a series of meta-analyses. Psychol. Bull. 145(7), 653 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000195
Tavares, J.V.T., Clark, L., Cannon, D.M., Erickson, K., Drevets, W.C., Sahakian, B.J.: Distinct profiles of neurocognitive function in unmedicated unipolar depression and bipolar II depression. Biol. Psychiatry 62(8), 917–924 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.034
Thorell, L.B., Lindqvist, S., Bergman Nutley, S., Bohlin, G., Klingberg, T.: Training and transfer effects of executive functions in preschool children. Dev. Sci. 12(1), 106–113 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00745.x
Toll, S.W., Van der Ven, S.H., Kroesbergen, E.H., Van Luit, J.E.: Executive functions as predictors of math learning disabilities. J. Learn. Disabil. 44(6), 521–532 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219410387302
Varvara, P., Varuzza, C., Padovano Sorrentino, A.C., Vicari, S., Menghini, D.: Executive functions in developmental dyslexia. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8, 120 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00120
Volckaert, A.M.S., Noël, M.P.: Training executive function in preschoolers reduce externalizing behaviors. Trends Neurosci. Educ. 4(1–2), 37–47 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2015.02.001
Welsh, J.A., Nix, R.L., Blair, C., Bierman, K.L., Nelson, K.E.: The development of cognitive skills and gains in academic school readiness for children from low-income families. J. Educ. Psychol. 102(1), 43–53 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016738
Zelazo, P.D.: Executive function and psychopathology: a neurodevelopmental perspective. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 16(1), 431–454 (2020)
Zelazo, P.D., Blair, C.B., Willoughby, M.T.: Executive Function: Implications for Education. NCER 2017-2000. National Center for Education Research (2016)
Acknowledgements
The present work was carried out with the support of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - Brazil (CAPES) - Financing Code 001. The authors also thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPQ), Research Support Foundation of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS), Secretary of Innovation, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul (SICT/RS) and Feevale University for their support for this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
de Cerqueira, B.B., Barbosa, D.N.F., Mossmann, J.B. (2023). Stimulation of the Executive Functions Mediated by Digital Games: Current Challenges in the School Context. In: Santos, R.P.d., Hounsell, M.d.S. (eds) Grand Research Challenges in Games and Entertainment Computing in Brazil - GranDGamesBR 2020–2030. GranDGamesBR GranDGamesBR 2020 2021. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1702. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27639-2_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27639-2_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-27638-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-27639-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)