Abstract
The chapter retraces the intricate link between the responsibility to protect and South(ern) Sudan. First, a historical retrospective shows how humanitarian efforts in Southern Sudan created the consciousness that an international norm to prevent human rights abuses was vital. Subsequently, an analysis of the 2013–2018 civil war in South Sudan illustrates highly diverging interpretations of R2P’s implementation in practice. Four dimensions of how R2P’s preventive and punitive aspects find expression in discourses and actions are highlighted: judicial accountability, limits to national sovereignty, the United Nations’ changing self-conception, and sanctions regimes. Findings show the mutual exclusivity of different measures, the UN’s shift to human security, the salience of civil society activism in setting the agenda and South Sudanese actors’ active utilization of the R2P norm.
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Notes
- 1.
This chapter is an updated and reworked version of Frahm, O. (2020). Wer schützt wen? Die Responsibility to Protect im Südsudan. In M. Hansel, & A. Reichwein (Eds.), Die Internationale Schutzverantwortung: Etabliert. Herausgefordert. Gescheitert? (pp. 115–154). LIT Verlag. The publishing house LIT Verlag graciously allowed republication in this edited volume.
- 2.
The Machakos Protocol can be accessed here: https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/SD_020710_MachakosProtocol.pdf.
- 3.
The Comprehensive Peace Agreement can be accessed here: https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/SD_060000_The%20Comprehensive%20Peace%20Agreement.pdf.
- 4.
The 2015 Peace Accord can be accessed here: https://unmiss.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/final_proposed_compromise_agreement_for_south_sudan_conflict.pdf; the 2018 Revitalized Peace Agreement can be accessed here: https://ucdp.uu.se/#//peaceagreements/fulltext/SSD%2020180912.pdf.
- 5.
The open letter to the permanent members of the UN Human Rights Council can be accessed here: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/8000/afr650042014en.pdf.
- 6.
The open letter to the head of the African Union can be accessed here: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/AFR6550842016ENGLISH.pdf.
- 7.
The Ezulwini Consensus can be accessed here: http://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/au/cap_screform_2005.pdf.
- 8.
The current state of ratification can be found on the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights website at: https://www.african-court.org/wpafc/basic-information/#ratification.
- 9.
The IGAD Monitoring and Verification Mechanism can be accessed here: https://southsudan.igad.int/index.php/2014-08-07-10-16-26.
- 10.
- 11.
The list of those sanctioned by the UN Security Council can be accessed here: https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/2206/materials/summaries
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Frahm, O. (2023). Punishing or Preventing? The Responsibility to Protect and the Wars in South Sudan. In: Reichwein, A., Hansel, M. (eds) Rethinking the Responsibility to Protect. Contributions to International Relations. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27412-1_7
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