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The International Implementation of R2P: Norm Contestation and Its Consequences

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Rethinking the Responsibility to Protect

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Abstract

The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) remains contested among states. The disputes over the intervention in Libya and the non-action in Syria, Myanmar and elsewhere have led some commentators to argue that R2P was in decline. Drawing on constructivist norm theory, this chapter argues that normative contestation of the R2P has always been constitutive for the norm set and is influencing the way it is implemented—as the implementation of the norm itself is contested. In order to show how contestation has shaped the norm set, this chapter traces R2P’s development and analyses how the UN Secretariat, the UN General Assembly, and the UN Security Council have discussed the implementation of the R2P and how transnational initiatives have been pursuing an implementation of the R2P.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    This chapter was written as part of a research project at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF) on conditions for successful governance in the conflict between humanitarianism and sovereignty, funded by the German Research Association (DFG). Texts drawing on the data from the research project this chapter is built on have, inter alia, been published with Springer VS (Hofmann, 2019), LIT (Hofmann 2020) as well as Brill (Hofmann & Wisotzki, 2014; Hofmann, 2015; Hofmann & Suthanthiraraj, 2019). Earlier versions of this chapter have been presented at the EWIS Workshop 2016 in TĂĽbingen as well as at the ISA annual conference 2021. I thank my colleagues, the editors, all commenters as well as the anonymous reviewer for this publication for their valuable thoughts.

  2. 2.

    Author’s private interview with a Western diplomat who has participated in the 2005 negotiations, Skype, 15 June 2011.

  3. 3.

    Such claims can be found in statements delivered in 2009 by Algeria, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Gambia, India, Jordan, Morocco, Myanmar, Pakistan, Palestine, Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Serbia, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Vietnam, CARICOM, and the Non-Aligned Movement.

  4. 4.

    Andorra, Armenia, Bangladesh, Benin, Bosnia Herzegovina, Chile, Costa Rica, Georgia, Guatemala, Guinea Bissau, Iceland, Ireland, Kenya, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Peru, San Marino, Singapore, South Africa, Swaziland, Switzerland, Timor-Leste, and the Vatican.

  5. 5.

    Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, China, Cuba, Gambia, India, Iran, Nicaragua, North Korea, Pakistan, Serbia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, and Turkey.

  6. 6.

    Author’s private interview with a diplomat from a European state, New York, 7 October 2014.

  7. 7.

    These Resolutions were identifies by searching in the UN Documents Database (http://documents.un.org/) for the following terms (“…” stands for a truncation): responsibility … to protect, responsibility for … the protection of civilians, paragraphs 138 …, responsibility for the protection. After a further verification, the following resolutions were included in the survey: S/RES/1653, S/RES/1674, S/RES/1706, S/RES/1894, S/RES/1970, S/RES/1973, S/RES/1975, S/RES/1996, S/RES/2014, S/RES/2016, S/RES/2040, S/RES/2085, S/RES/2093, S/RES/2095, S/RES/2100, S/RES/2109, S/RES/2117, S/RES/2121, S/RES/2127, S/RES/2134, S/RES/2139, S/RES/2149, S/RES/2150, S/RES/2155, S/RES/2165, S/RES/2170, S/RES/2171, S/RES/2185, S/RES/2187, S/RES/2196, S/RES/2206, S/RES/2211, S/RES/2217, S/RES/2220, S/RES/2223, S/RES/2226, S/RES/2227, S/RES/2228, S/RES/2241, S/RES/2244, S/RES/2250, S/RES/2252, S/RES/2254, S/RES/2258, S/RES/2262, S/RES/2277, S/RES/2286, S/RES/2288, S/RES/2290, S/RES/2296, S/RES/2295, S/RES/2301, S/RES/2304, S/RES/2317, S/RES/2327, S/RES/2332, S/RES/2339, S/RES/2340, S/RES/2349, S/RES/2348, S/RES/2360, S/RES/2364, S/RES/2363, S/RES/2372, S/RES/2374, S/RES/2385, S/RES/2387, S/RES/2389, S/RES/2399, S/RES/2409, S/RES/2417, S/RES/2419, S/RES/2423, S/RES/2428, S/RES/2429, S/RES/2431, S/RES/2439, S/RES/2444, S/RES/2449, S/RES/2457, S/RES/2459, S/RES/2463, S/RES/2499, S/RES/2502.

  8. 8.

    Private e-mail exchange of the author with NGO representatives in New York in January 2017.

  9. 9.

    Author’s private interview with a diplomat from a European Country, New York, 3 September 2014.

  10. 10.

    Author’s private interview with a diplomat from a European country, New York, 2 September 2014.

  11. 11.

    Author’s private interview with a diplomat from Middle-American country, New York, 2 September 2014.

  12. 12.

    Author’s private interview with a diplomat from a European country, New York, 3 September 2014.

  13. 13.

    Author’s private interview with a diplomat from a South-East Asian country, New York, 27 October 2014.

  14. 14.

    The UN, regional organizations and states should demonstrate more political commitment, provide actual protection to communities at risk and pursue atrocity prevention and response as national priorities. Second, additional resources should be invested in atrocity prevention, early warning, conflict prevention, peacebuilding, protection of civilians, empowerment of women, and criminal justice. Third, the Security Council should ensure timely and decisive responses in cases of mass atrocities. Fourth, repeated cycles of violence should be interrupted by means of peacebuilding, good governance, transitional justice and societal reconciliation. Fifth, regional organizations should play a vital role in implementing R2P. Sixth, peer networks between state officials, UN staff and NGOs should be strengthened. States should develop national R2P strategies (Ban Ki-Moon, 2015: 15–19).

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  1. WZB Berlin Social Science Centre, Berlin, Germany

    Gregor P. Hofmann

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  1. Department of Political Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany

    Alexander Reichwein

  2. Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy (IFSH), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

    Mischa Hansel

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Hofmann, G.P. (2023). The International Implementation of R2P: Norm Contestation and Its Consequences. In: Reichwein, A., Hansel, M. (eds) Rethinking the Responsibility to Protect. Contributions to International Relations. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27412-1_2

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