Abstract
This chapter presents the principles and applications of Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. These methods are other important varieties of using incident photons to study electronic and vibrational properties of materials, in addition to photoluminescence, described in Chap. 2. The discussion in this chapter covers the scientific and technical issues while several experimental examples highlight the significance and applications of each characterization technique in the fields of microelectronics engineering and material science.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Raman, C. V., & Krishnan, K. S. (1928). A new type of secondary radiation. Nature, 121(3048), 501–502. https://doi.org/10.1038/121501c0
Landsberg, G., & Mandelstam, L. (1928). Über die Lichtzerstreuung in Kristallen. Zeitschrift Für Physik, 50(11–12), 769–780.
Schroder, D. K. (2005). Semiconductor material and device characterization (3rd ed). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN:9780471739067
Smith, E., & Dent, G. (2019). Modern Raman spectroscopy: A practical approach (2nd ed). Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9781119440550.
Chase, B. (1987). Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. Mikrochimica Acta, 93(1), 81–91.
Schulte, A. (1992). Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy using CCD detection and a semiconductor bandgap filter for Rayleigh line rejection. Applied Spectroscopy, 46(6), 891–893.
Asselin, K. J., Chase, B. (1994). FT-Raman spectroscopy at 1.339 micrometers. Applied Spectroscopy, 48(6), 699–701.
Renucci, M. A., Renucci, J. B., & Cardona, M. (1971). Light scattering in solids. In M. Balkanski (Ed.), Flammarion sciences (326p).
Brya, W. J. (1973). Raman scattering in Ge–Si alloys. Solid State Communications, 12, 253.
Cerdeira, F., Pinczuk, A., & Bean, J. C. (1985). Observation of confined electronic states in Si strained-GexSi1-x Si layer superlattices. Physical Review B, 31, 1202.
Pezzoli, F., Bonera, E., Grilli, E., Guzzi, M., Sanguinetti, S., Chrastina, D., Isella, G., Von Känel, H., Wintersberger, E., Stangl, J., & Bauer, G. (2008). Raman spectroscopy determination of composition and strain in Si1-xGex/Si heterostructures. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 11, 279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2008.09.012
Perova, T. S., Wasyluk, J., Lyutovich, K., Kasper, E., Oehme, M., Rode, K., & Waldron, A. (2011). Composition and strain in thin Si1−xGex virtual substrates measured by micro-Raman spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. Journal of Applied Physics, 109, 033502.
Yoshikawa, M., Ishida, H., Ishitani, A., et al. (1990). Study of crystallographic orientations in the diamond film on cubic boron nitride using Raman microprobe. Applied Physics Letters, 57(5), 428–430.
Yoshikawa, M., Nagai, N. (2006). Vibrational spectroscopy of carbon and silicon materials. In Handbook of vibrational spectroscopy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470027320.s6301
Yoshikawa, M. (2006). Infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy of semiconductor. In Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.a9652
Wall, M. (2012). Raman spectroscopy optimizes graphene characterization. Advanced Materials and Processes, 170(4), 35–38.
Ferrari, A. C., Meyer, J. C., Scardaci, V., Casiraghi, C., Lazzeri, M., Mauri, F., Piscanec, S., Jiang, D., Novoselov, K. S., Roth, S., & Geim, A. K. (2006). Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers. Physical Review Letters, 97(18), 187401.
Casiraghi, C., Hartschuh, A., Lidorikis, E., Qian, H., Harutyunyan, H., Gokus, T., Novoselov, K. S., Ferrari, A. C., & Harutyuyan, H. (2007). Rayleigh imaging of graphene and graphene layers. Nano Letters, 7(9), 2711–2717.
Gupta, A., Chen, G., Joshi, P., Tadigadapa, S., & Eklund, P. C. (2006). Raman scattering from high-frequency phonons in supported n-graphene layer films. Nano Letters, 6(12), 2667–2673.
Schroder, D. K., Rubin, L. G. Semiconductor material and device characterization. Wiley. ISBN: 9780471739067.
von Aulock, F. W., Kennedy, B. M., Schipper, C. I., Castro, J. M., Martin, D., Oze, C., Watkins, J. M., Wallace, P. J., Puskar, L., Bégué, F., et al. (2014). Advances in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of natural glasses: From sample preparation to data analysis. Lithos, 206–207, 52–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.07.017
Craig, A. P., Franca, A. S., & Oliveira, L. S. (2012). Evaluation of the potential of FTIR and chemometrics for separation between defective and non-defective coffees. Food Chemistry, 132, 1368–1374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.121
Ulrichs, T., Drotleff, A. M., & Ternes, W. (2015). Determination of heat-induced changes in the protein secondary structure of reconstituted livetins (water-soluble proteins from hen’s egg yolk) by FTIR. Food Chemistry, 172, 909–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.128
Ren, Y., Li, Y., Wang, J., Wang, X., Liu, B., Zhang, L., & Zhang, L. (2005). Reconstruction of air contaminant concentration distribution in a two-dimensional plane by computed tomography and remote sensing FTIR spectroscopy. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 40, 571–580. https://doi.org/10.1081/ese-200046592
Basiri, S., Mehdinia, A., & Jabbari, A. (2017). Biologically green synthesized silver nanoparticles as a facile and rapid label-free colorimetric probe for determination of Cu(2+) in water samples. Spectrochima Acta A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 171, 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2016.08.032
Griffith, D. W. T. (1996). Synthetic calibration and quantitative analysis of gas-phase FT-IR spectra. Applied Spectroscopy, 50, 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702963906627
Chen, Y., Furmann, A., Mastalerz, M., & Schimmelmann, A. (2014). Quantitative analysis of shales by KBr-FTIR and micro-FTIR. Fuel, 116, 538–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.08.052
Delaney, M. F., Warren, F. V., & Hallowell, J. R. (1983). Quantitative-evaluation of library searching performance. Analytical Chemistry, 55, 1925–1929. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00262a022
Bacsik, Z., Mink, J., & Keresztury, G. (2004). FTIR spectroscopy of the atmosphere. I. Principles and methods. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 39, 295–363. https://doi.org/10.1081/asr-200030192
Tiwald, T. E., Thompson, D. W., & Woollam, J. A. (1998). Optical determination of shallow carrier profiles using Fourier transform infrared ellipsometry. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, 16, 312. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.589802
Pickering, C., Leong, W. Y., Glaspe, J., Boher, P., & Piel, J.-P. (2002). Non-destructive characterization of doped Si and SiGe epilayers using FTIR spectroscopic ellipsometry (FTIR-SE). Materials Science and Engineering B, 89, 146–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5107(01)00821-2
Yu, X. R., & Hantsche, H. (1990). Pressure dependence of the charging effect in monochromatized small spot X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy & Related Phenomena, 50(1), 19–29.
Drummond, I. W., Cooper, T. A., Street, F. J. (1985) Four classes of selected area XPS (SAXPS): An examination of methodology and comparison with other techniques. Spectrochimica Acta Part B Atomic Spectroscopy, 40(5), 801–810.
Augustin, B., Krishnamurthy, B., Willinger, W. (2009). Internet exchange points (IXPs): Mapped. In Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM conference on internet measurement 2009, (ACM 2009) Chicago, Illinois, USA, November 4–6 (2009).
Hantsche, H. (1989). Comparison of basic principles of the surface-specific analytical methods: AES/SAM, ESCA (XPS), SIMS, and ISS with X-ray microanalysis, and some applications in research and industry. Scanning, 11(6), 257–280.
Moulder, J. F., Stickle, W. F., Sobol, P. E., & Bomben, K. D. (1992). Handbook of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Perkin-Elmer Corp.
Wang, D., He, G., Hao, L., et al. (2019). Comparative passivation effect of ALD-driven HfO2 and Al2O3 buffer layers on the interface chemistry and electrical characteristics of Dy-based gate dielectrics. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 7.
Mullapudi, G. S. R., Velazquez-Nevarez, G. A., Avila-Avendano, C., et al. (2019). Low-temperature deposition of inorganic-organic HfO2-PMMA hybrid gate dielectric layers for high mobility ZnO thin-film transistors. ACS Applied Electronic Materials.
Vinod, A., Rathore, M. S., Rao, N. S. (2018). Effects of annealing on quality and stoichiometry of HfO2 thin films grown by RF magnetron sputtering. Vacuum, 155, 339–344.
Sublemontier, O., Nicolas, C., Aureau, D., Patanen, M., Kintz, H., Liu, X., Gaveau, M.-A., Le Garrec, J.-L., Robert, E., Barreda, F.-A., Etcheberry, A., Reynaud, C., Mitchell, B., Miron, C. (2014). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of isolated nanoparticles. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 5, 3399−3403. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz501532c
Kim, S., Kim, M. C., Choi, S. H., Kim, K. J., Hwang, H. N., & Hwang, C. C. (2007). Size dependence of Si 2p core-level shift at Si nanocrystal/SiO2 interfaces. Applied Physics Letters, 91, 103113.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Radamson, H.H. (2023). Raman Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). In: Analytical Methods and Instruments for Micro- and Nanomaterials. Lecture Notes in Nanoscale Science and Technology, vol 23. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26434-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26434-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-26433-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-26434-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)