Abstract
Although the single market is at the core of the European Union, borders keep on causing friction to the freedoms of movement and everyday interaction. Most public policies, including economic ones, are designed and implemented within a national framework and end, therefore, at the national boundaries. However, when the citizens’ daily life embraces a cross-border territory, they are confronted with fragmented national policies instead of a cohesive and integrative common framework. There have been significant achievements for border regions within an integrated EU, with milestones like Schengen or territorial cooperation and cohesion, but there is a long way to go. Still, the COVID-19 pandemic has also shown how weak these achievements could be towards the free will of nation-states. To be “natural” laboratories of European cohesion and integration, and they have shown they can, cross-border regions need a different approach, being considered functional areas and guaranteed a minimum operativity for daily cross-border activities even in emergency situations. Interreg, the funding arm of European Territorial Cooperation, celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2020. Hundreds of programmes and projects have significantly triggered territorial cohesion across the continent over three decades. Cross-border structures and their networks have made this possible. Other EU instruments like the EGTCs have amplified the opportunities already opened by pioneer Euroregions well before the first earmarking of European funds for territorial cooperation. In particular, border regions today are starting to be seen as laboratories where innovative solutions for cohesion are developed and piloted. In no other territory like a (cross-)border region do citizens daily feel the benefits and the challenges of the European single market, still a utopia in many fields. But its perception in cross-border territories would mean effective cohesion. This chapter discusses how European territorial cooperation (ETC) has managed to be a key factor for territorial cohesion, a crucial but relatively recent component of European cohesion. And how it has overcome many difficulties to progress while notoriously drawing the attention of policymakers (and scholars) as a very genuine, valuable and promising cohesion tool. It also discusses the interference with national sovereignty conceptions and how going beyond financial support in search of trust across borders could be a tool of evermore importance.
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Notes
- 1.
Modellvorhaben der Raumordnung in German can be translated as Spatial Planning Demonstration Projects.
- 2.
The European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP), adopted by the Informal Council of Ministers responsible for Spatial Planning in Potsdam in May 1999 (Council 1999), was the genesis of the first European Territorial Agenda, adopted at the Informal Council of Ministers of Urban Development and Cohesion in Leipzig in May 2007 (Council 2007b). And the new Territorial Agenda 2030 was adopted at an (online) Informal Ministerial Meeting in December 2020 (planed in Leipzig) (Council, 2020). These achievements happened during German Presidencies of the Council of the EU (the European Territorial Agenda 2020 was adopted in Gödöllő in May 2011, during a Hungarian Presidency) (Council 2011).
- 3.
The media echoed on 15 November 2022 the birth of Damián, a Dominican baby who symbolically broke the barrier of 8 Billion inhabitants on Earth (El País 2022). 9.7 billion humans are foreseen in 2050 and around 11 billion by the end of this century, according to the projections of the UN Population Division (UN DESA’s Population Division 2022). And in its World Cities Report 2022, UN Habitat expects the world will continue to urbanise over the next three decades, from 56% of the total population in 2021 to 68% in 2050 (UN Habitat 2022).
- 4.
This EGTC has set interculturality and bilingualism as the key to uniting citizens in the cross-border region. Therefore they have started, coordinated or taken part in various projects and actions in this field: https://www.saarmoselle.org/fr/interculturalite-et-bilinguisme.html (last retrieved on 28 November 2022).
- 5.
The Euregio Egrensis has developed for more than 15 years a Sprachoffensive, raising public awareness and promoting language competences in the DE/CZ cross-border area: https://www.euregio-egrensis.de/sprachoffensive.htm (last retrieved on 28 November 2022).
- 6.
The Portugal Plan of the regional government of Extremadura (ES), aimed to facilitate the teaching of Portuguese language in Primary Education, is operational since the school year 2010–2011.
- 7.
J’ai toujours pensé que l’Europe se ferait dans les crises, et qu’elle serait la somme des solutions apportées à ces crises. Encore fallait-il proposer ces solutions et les faire appliquer (Monnet 1976).
- 8.
Official list of registered EGTCs at the EGTCs Platform in the European Committee of the Regions: https://portal.cor.europa.eu/egtc/CoRActivities/Documents/Official%20List%20of%20the%20EGTCs.pdf (last retrieved on 29 November 2022).
- 9.
Official Journal of the European Union (2020/C 86 I/01–04), 16 March 2020.
- 10.
Official Journal of the European Union (2020/C 96 I/01–07), 24 March 2020.
- 11.
Official Journal of the European Union (2020/C 102 I/12–14), 30 March 2020.
- 12.
Official Journal of the European Union (2020/C 111 I/01–05), 3 April 2020.
- 13.
Official Journal of the European Union (2020/C 89 I/01–08), 18 March 2020.
- 14.
Council Regulation (EU) 2020/2094 of 14 December 2020 establishing a European Union Recovery Instrument to support the recovery in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis, Official Journal of the European Union (2020/L 433 I/23–27), 22 December 2020.
- 15.
The COFE was a citizen-led series of debates from April 2021 to May 2022 that enabled people from across the continent to share their ideas about our common future through a Multilingual Digital Platform. Its conclusions are presented in a final report. More information: https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/new-push-european-democracy/conference-future-europe_en.
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Guillermo-Ramírez, M. (2023). Territorial Cooperation for European Cohesion (In What Measure Can ETC Contribute to Achieving the EU Goal of Territorial Cohesion?). In: Medeiros, E. (eds) Public Policies for Territorial Cohesion. The Urban Book Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26228-9_9
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