Abstract
The glucose lowering effects of hypoglycemic medications had been established for years, but the effect of these medications on macrovascular outcomes including MI, stoke, and CV mortality was not entirely clear. In 1998, the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) showed that intensive glucose lowering reduced microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. It was not until 2008 that 10-year follow-up data from the UKPDS showed that treatment to reduce hyperglycemia also reduced macrovascular complications [1, 2]. In recognition of the importance of hard disease oriented outcomes rather than just a “surrogate” outcome of A1c, in 2008 the FDA mandated CVOTs (Cardiovascular Outcome Trials) to be performed to establish cardiovascular safety for all new drugs brought to market [3]. The Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcomes Results (LEADER) trial was the first CVOT published for the GLP-1 Receptor Agonist class of medications.
Marso, S. P., Daniels, G. H., Brown-Frandsen, K., Kristensen, P., Mann, J. F., Nauck, M. A., Nissen, S. E., Pocock, S., Poulter, N. R., Ravn, L. S., Steinberg, W. M., Stockner, M., Zinman, B., Bergenstal, R. M., Buse, J. B., LEADER Steering Committee, & LEADER Trial Investigators (2016). Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 375(4), 311–322. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1603827.
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Petrongolo, G. (2023). Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Diabetes (LEADER)-2016. In: Russell, J., Skolnik, N.S. (eds) Top Articles in Primary Care. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25620-2_21
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25620-2_21
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