Skip to main content

Diabetes and Oral Health

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Diabetes Textbook

Abstract

For decades, oral health has not been considered among the priorities of government and international organization agendas, perhaps because most of the time, poor oral health has affected morbidity and not mortality. Recently, there has been greater awareness from government organizations and even from the population that oral health is part of a person’s general well-being. Also, more comprehensive studies have indicated that oral infections constitute a risk factor that generate or increase harmful health events in individuals. This change started in 2000 with the report of the US Surgeon General that was continued in 2002 in the Oral Health Program of the World Health Organization (Organización Mundial de la Salud, The world oral health report 2003, OMS, Geneva, 2003) that approved the resolution that urges the inclusion of oral health in chronic disease prevention programs. That is why we are interested in including this work in this chapter. We will provide the main concepts of the dentistry field to the entire multidisciplinary team allowing them to include this component in the comprehensive care of the diabetic patient.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Organización Mundial de la Salud. The world oral health report 2003. Geneva: OMS; 2003. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2004/pr15/es/.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Visión de la FDI 2020. Delinear el futuro de la Salud Bucal. http://www.fdiworldental.org/oral-health/vision-2020/shaping-the-future-of-oral-health.aspx.

  3. Hassel TM. Tissues and cells of the periodontium. Periodontol 2000. 1993;3:9–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Payne WA, Page RC, Olgivie AL, Hall WB. Histopathologic features of the initial and early stages of experimental gingivitis in man. J Periodontal Res. 1975;10:51–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Löe H, Theilade E, Jensen SB. Experimental gingivitis in man. J Periodontol. 1965;36:177–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Mariotti A. Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases. Ann Periodontol. 1999;4:7–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Drisko CL. Periodontal self-care: evidence-based support. Periodontol 2000. 2013;62:243–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Haffajee AD, Teles RP, Socransky SS. The effect of periodontal therapy on the composition of the subgingival microbiota. Periodontol 2000. 2006;42:219–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ledder RG, Gilbert P, Huws SA, Arons L, Ashley MP, Hull PS, McBain AJ. Molecular analysis of the subgingival microbiota in health and disease. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73:516–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gemmell E, Yamazaki K, Seymour GJ. Destructive periodontitis lesions are determined by the nature of the lymphocyte response. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2002;13:17–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Phipps KR, Stevens VJ. Relative contribution of caries and periodontal disease in adult tooth loss for an HMO dental population. J Public Health Dent. 1995;55:250–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Brecx M, Frohlicher I, Gehr P, Lang NP. Stereological observations on long term experimental gingivitis in man. J Clin Periodontol. 1988;15:621–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Darveau RP, Tanner A, Page RC. The microbial challenge in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 1997;14:12–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gemmell E, Marshall RI, Seymour GJ. Cytokines and prostaglandins in immune homeostasis and tissue destruction in periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 1997;14:112–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Schwartz Z, Goulyschin J, Dean DD, Boyan BD. Mechanisms of alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 1997;14:158–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Eke PI, Dye BA, Wei L, Thornton-Evans GO, Genco RJ, on behalf of the participating members of the CDC Periodontal. Disease Surveillance workgroup. Prevalence of periodontitis in adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. J Dent Res. 2012;91:914–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Khader YS, Albashaireh ZS, Alomari MA. Periodontal diseases and the risk of coronary heart and cerebrovascular diseases: a meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2004;75:1046–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Mealey BL, Rose LF. Diabetes mellitus and inflammatory periodontal disease. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2008;5:135–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Löe H. Periodontal disease. The sixth complication of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1993;16:329–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Scannapieco FA. Role of oral bacteria in respiratory infection. J Periodontol. 1999;70:793–802.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kamel AHM, Basuoni A, Salem ZA, AbuBakr N. The impact of oral health status on COVID-19 severity, recovery period and C-reactive protein values. Br Dent J. 2021;24:1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Sanz M, Ceriello A, Buysschaert M, Chapple I, Demmer RT, Graziani F, Herrera D, Jepsen S, Lione L, Madianos P, Mathur M, Montanya E, Shapira L, Tonetti M, Vegh D. Scientific evidence on the links between periodontal diseases and diabetes: consensus report and guidelines of the joint workshop on periodontal diseases and by the International Diabetes Federation and the European Federation of Periodontology. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;137:231–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. The American Academy of Periodontology. Parameter on periodontitis associated with systemic conditions. J Periodontol. 2000;71:876–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Taylor GW, Manz MC, Borgnakke WS. Diabetes, periodontal disease, dental caries, and tooth loss: a review of the literature. Comp Cont Edu Dent. 2004;25:179–84.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Katz J. Elevates blood glucose levels in patients with severe periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol. 2001;28:710–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Castellanos JL, Díaz LM, Gay O. Medicina en odontología en Manejo dental de pacientes con enfermedades sistémicas, vol. 8. México City: El Manual Moderno; 1996. p. 270–83.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Tsai C, Hayes C, Taylor GW. Glycemic control of type 2 diabetes and severe periodontal disease in the US adult population. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002;30:182–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Taylor GW, Burt BA, Becker MP, Genco RJ, Shlossman M, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and alveolar bone loss progression over 2 years. J Periodontol. 1998;69:76–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Schmidt AM, Weidman E, Lalla E, Yan SD, Hori O, Cao R, Brett JG, Lamster IB. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) induce oxidant stress in the gingiva: a potential mechanism underlying accelerated periodontal disease associated with diabetes. J Periodontal Res. 1996;31:508–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Katz J, Bhattacharyya I, Farkhondeh-Kish F, Perez FM, Caudle RM, Heft MW. Expression of the receptor of advanced glycation end products in gingival tissues of type 2 diabetes patients with chronic periodontal disease: a study utilizing immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32:40–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Page RC. The pathobiology of periodontal diseases may affect systemic diseases: inversion of a paradigm. Ann Periodontol. 1998;3:108–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kinane DF, Riggio MP, Walker KF, MacKenzie D, Shearer B. Bacteraemia following periodontal procedures. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32:708–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Li X, Kolltveit KM, Tronstad L, Olsen I. Systemic diseases caused by oral infection. Cain Microbiol Rev. 2000;13:547–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Elter JR, Hinderliter AL, Offenbacher S, Beck JD, Caughey M, Brodala N, Madianos PN. The effects of periodontal therapy on vascular endothelial function: a pilot trial. Am Heart J. 2006;15:47.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Teeuw WJ, Gerdes VE, Loos BG. Effect of periodontal treatment on glycemic control of diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:421–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Diaz-Romero RM, Casanova-Roman G, Robles-Andrade MS. Association of uncontrolled glycemia with periodontal, urinary tract and cervical vaginal infections in a group of type 2 diabetic women during pregnancy and during the postnatal period. Int J Diabetes Clin Res. 2016;3:052–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Borgnakke WS, Ylostalo PV, Taylor GW, Genco RJ. Effect of periodontal disease on diabetes: systematic review of epidemiologic observational evidence. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40(Suppl 14):135–52.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Engebretson S, Kocher T. Evidence that periodontal treatment improves diabetes outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40(Suppl 14):153–63.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Engebretson S, Kocher T. Evidence that periodontal treatment improves diabetes outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40(Suppl. 14):S153–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Armitage GC. Learned and unlearned concepts in periodontal diagnostics: a 50-year perspective. Periodontol 2000. 2013;62:20–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Lisa JAHM, Lang NP. Surgical and nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Learned and unlearned concepts. Periodontol 2000. 2013;62:218–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Papapanou PN, Sanz M, et al. Periodontitis: consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S162–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Cortellini P, Tonetti MS. Clinical and radiographic out- comes of the modified minimally invasive surgical technique with and without regenerative materials: a randomized-controlled trial in intrabony defects. J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38:365–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Moreira AR, Passos IA, Sampaio FC, Soares MSM, Oliveira RJ. Flow rate, pH and calcium concentration of saliva of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2009;42(8):707–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Malickaa B, Kaczmareka U, Katarzyna S-M. Prevalence of xerostomia and the salivary flow rate in diabetic patients. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2014;23(2):225–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Sánchez-Pérez L, Sáenz-Martínez L, Luengas-Aguirre I, Irigoyen Camacho E, Álvarez Castro AR, Farmacologia A-GE. Stimulated saliva flow rate analysis and its relation to dental decay. A six years follow-up. Rev ADM. 2015;72(1):33–7.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Díaz-Romero RM, Robles-Andrade MS, Ortega-González C. Diabetes mellitus en Farmacología y Terapéutica en Odontología. Espinosa Meléndez 1ª.Edición. México City: Editorial: Medica Panamericana; 2012. p. 251–5.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Díaz-Romero RM, Agami Gorinstein C, Ovadia-Rafel R, Villegas-Álvarez F. Xerostomia, hiposalivación y diabetes. Diabetes hoy para el médico y profesional de la salud. 2008;IX(4):2061–4.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Sreebny LM, Yu A, Green A, Valdini A. Xerostomia in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1992;15:900–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Edwards JE Jr. Candida species. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2009: chap 257.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Affoo RH, Foley N, Garrick R, Siqueira WL, Martin RE. Meta-analysis of salivary flow rates in young and older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63:2142–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Sanz-Sánchez I, Bascones-Martínez A. Diabetes mellitus: Su implicación en la patología oral y periodontal. Av Odontoestomatol. 2009;25(5):249–63. http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S021312852009000500003&lng=es.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Domek N, Dux K, Pinzur M, Weaver F, Rogers T. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2016;20(16):30064–3.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Chapple ILC, Genco R, Working Group 2 of the Joint EFP/AAP Workshop. Diabetes and periodontal diseases: consensus report of the joint EFP/AAP workshop on periodontitis and systemic diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40(Suppl 14):S106–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rosa Maria Díaz-Romero .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Díaz-Romero, R.M., Robles-Andrade, M.S. (2023). Diabetes and Oral Health. In: Rodriguez-Saldana, J. (eds) The Diabetes Textbook. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25519-9_54

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25519-9_54

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-25518-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-25519-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics