Abstract
Despite a sizable population and modest status as a low-middle-income country, Vietnam has recorded a low COVID-19 fatality rate that rivals those of richer countries with far larger spending on health. This chapter offers an early review of the emerging literature in public health and economics on the pandemic effects in Vietnam, with a specific focus on vulnerable population groups. The review suggests that vulnerable workers were at more health risk than the general population. The pandemic reduced household income, increased the poverty rate, and worsened wage equality. It increased the proportion of below-minimum-wage workers by 2.5 percentage points (i.e., a 32-percent increase). While government policy responses were generally regarded as effective, public support for these responses was essential for this success, particularly where there was stronger public participation in the political process. The review also indicates the need for a social protection database to identify the poor and informal workers to further enhance targeting efforts. Finally, it suggests future directions for research in the Vietnamese context.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
For Fig. 1, the data on COVID deaths are between early 2020 and October 2022 and the public spending data are in 2019, which rules out increased spending in immediate response to the pandemic.
- 3.
Vietnam is well-known among researchers for its high quality micro survey data. The country ranks at position 77 out of 219 countries and territories in the world regarding its statistical performance index (Dang et al. 2023a).
- 4.
The authors do not review medical studies in this chapter. For a recent review paper on this topic, see Dao et al. (2022). Implementing an early systematic review of studies on COVID-19 in Vietnam between May to August 2020 on 72 studies, Dao et al. (2022) find that most of these studies (42%) were about control and prevention of COVID-19, to be followed by studies on virology and genomics, the natural history of the virus and its transmission (18%), and on the investigation into the epidemiology of the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam (13%). The authors also find only one study on the development of candidate therapeutics and no study on personal protective equipment or protocol for healthcare workers’ safety.
- 5.
Dang and Trinh (2022) also show that locations without either coal-powered stations or cement stations had even more reduced air pollution in the 2-week period after the lockdown as well as over longer periods. This is because coal-fired power stations were allowed to be in normal operation during the lockdown like most other manufacturing activities (GoV 2020), locations with these power stations might not have been affected by the lockdown and consequently might have not seen reduced air pollution.
- 6.
The Foster-Greer-Thorbecke index is defined as \( {P}_{\alpha }=\frac{1}{n}\sum \limits_{i=1}^q{\left[\frac{z-{Y}_i}{z}\right]}^{\alpha } \) (Foster, Greer and Thorbecke, 1984). Yi is a welfare indicator for person i, z is the expenditure poverty line, n is the total number of people, q is the number of workers below z, and α can be interpreted as a measure of inequality aversion. When α = 0, we have the headcount index H, which measures the proportion of workers below the poverty line. When α = 1 and α = 2, we obtain the poverty gap PG, which measures the depth of poverty, and the squared poverty gap P2, which measures the severity of poverty, respectively. Dang et al. (2023b) estimate Pα with Yi as the monthly wage of workers and z as the minimum wage.
- 7.
There might also be some distributional impacts at the province level. The authors find some evidence that provinces with greater openness to the global economy had higher levels of economic growth and witnessed weaker pandemic effects.
- 8.
Yet, Dang et al. (2021) find some indicative evidence suggests that women in Vietnam tend to have more pessimistic expectations for their future financial situations.
- 9.
- 10.
Drawing on lessons learnt during the pandemic from low- and middle-income countries, Tran et al. (2022) introduce a number of case studies to help strengthen the health system and community responses in resource-scarce settings.
- 11.
The findings from academic studies are well supported by stories reported in the local media. Protection measures such as social distancing, washing one’s hands, and staying at home were perceived as actions of patriotism by the public (Le Thu 2020). Perhaps the spirit of the country’s fight against the pandemic is best epitomized in the words of the then Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc “Every business, every citizen, every residential area must be a fortress to prevent the epidemic” (Pham 2020).
- 12.
As an example for poor staff capacity and discretionary power, Tran-Nam et al. (2021) cite an example where the term “essential goods” was interpreted differently by the police in different localities (i.e., people could leave their home to buy the essential goods during the lockdown). In some extreme cases, bread was not considered food, and hygiene products for women were not considered essential.
References
Alon T, Coskun S, Doepke M, Koll D, Tertilt M (2022) From mancession to shecession: Women’s employment in regular and pandemic recessions. NBER Macroecon Annu 36(1):83–151
Anh DLT, Nguyen QTT, Gan C, Thai TD, Nguyen TA (2022) Vietnamese living habits, wellbeing and working adaptation in face of COVID-19’s strictest lockdown. Int J Soc Econ 49(8):1232–1254
Aubert C, Dang H-A, Nguyen M-H (2022) The Unequal Impact of the COVID Pandemic: Theory and Evidence on Health and Economic Outcomes for Different Income Groups. Revue Francaise d’Economie XXXVII(2):43–77
Bloom DE, Kuhn M, Prettner K (2022) Modern infectious diseases: macroeconomic impacts and policy responses. J Econ Lit 60(1):85–131
Bonacini L, Gallo G, Scicchitano S (2021) Working from home and income inequality: risks of a ‘new normal’ with COVID-19. J Popul Econ 34(1):303–360
Brodeur A, Gray D, Islam A, Bhuiyan S (2021) A literature review of the economics of COVID-19. J Econ Surv 35(4):1007–1044
Bui HTT, Duong DM, Pham TQ, Mirzoev T, Bui ATM, La QN (2021) Covid-19 stressors on migrant workers in Vietnam: cumulative risk consideration. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(16):8757
Bui D, Dräger L, Hayo B, Nghiem G (2022) The effects of fiscal policy on households during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Thailand and Vietnam. World Dev 153:105828
Chieu H (2021) Livelihoods gone, Hanoi’s migrant workers bear the brunt of lockdown woes. Available online: https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/trend/livelihoods-gone-hanoi-s-migrant-workers-bear-the-brunt-of-lockdown-woes-4338231.html. Accessed on 21 Aug 2021
Dabla-Norris E, Zhang YS (2021) Vietnam: Successfully navigating the pandemic. IMF Country in Focus, IMF Asia and Pacific Department. Retrieved October 2022. https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/03/09/na031021-vietnam-successfully-navigating-the-pandemic
Dang DA (2022) COVID-19 in Viet Nam. In: Ing YL, Basri MC (eds) COVID-19 in Indonesia: Impacts on the Economy and Ways to Recovery. Routledge, New York
Dang HAH, Nguyen CV (2021) Gender inequality during the COVID-19 pandemic: Income, expenditure, savings, and job loss. World Dev 140:105296
Dang HAH, Nguyen CV (2022) Agricultural production as a coping strategy to the COVID-19 pandemic? Evidence from rural vietnam. ERIA Discussion Paper No. XXX
Dang DA, Tran NA (2022) Does an effective government lower COVID-19’s health impact? Evidence from Viet Nam (No. wp-2022-62). World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER)
Dang HAH, Trinh TA (2021) Does the COVID-19 lockdown improve global air quality? New cross-national evidence on its unintended consequences. J Environ Econ Manag 105:102401
Dang HAH, Trinh TA (2022) The beneficial impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution: evidence from Vietnam. J Dev Stud 58(10):1917–1933
Dang HAH, Giang LT, Do MN (2021) Building on Vietnam’s recent COVID-19 success: A job-focused analysis of individual assessments on their finance and the economy. Sustainability 13(19):10664
Dang HA, Huynh TLD, Nguyen MH (2022a) Does the Covid-19 pandemic disproportionately affect the poor? Evidence from a six-country survey. TSE Discussion Paper # 22-1372
Dang HA, Malesky EJ, Nguyen CV (2022b) Inequality and support for government responses to COVID-19. PLoS One 17(9):e0272972
Dang HAH, Oseni G, Zezza A, Abanokova K (2022c) Learning Inequalities during COVID-19: Evidence from Longitudinal Surveys from Sub-Saharan Africa. IZA Discussion Paper No. 15684
Dang HAH, Pullinger J, Serajuddin U, Stacy B (2023a) Statistical Performance Indicators and Index: A New Tool to Measure Country Statistical Capacity. Scientific Data 10, 146
Dang HA, Nguyen C, Carletto C (2023b) Did a successful fight against COVID-19 come at a cost? Impacts of the pandemic on employment outcomes in Vietnam. World Dev 161:106129
Dao TL, To MM, Nguyen TD (2022) Mapping COVID-19 related research from Vietnam: a scoping review. J Prev Med Hyg 63(1):E166
Dinh V, Ha An (2021) Migrant workers stranded in HCMC fear financial ruin amid extended social distancing. Available online: https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/trend/migrant-workers-stranded-in-hcmc-fear-financial-ruin-amid-extended-social-distancing-4341749.html. Accessed on 21 Aug 2021
Do T, Kasper E (2022) The Impact of Covid-19 Response Policies on Select Vulnerable Groups in Vietnam. Institute of Development Studies, Brighton
Do HT, Nguyen CV, Nguyen LT, Nguyen PM, Ngo QH, Phung QH (2021) Citizens’ Opinions of and Experiences with Government Responses to COVID-19 Pandemic in Vietnam (No. 776). GLO Discussion Paper
Duong CD (2021) The impact of fear and anxiety of Covid-19 on life satisfaction: Psychological distress and sleep disturbance as mediators. Personal Individ Differ 178:110869
Foster J, Greer J, Thorbecke E (1984) A class of decomposable poverty measures. Econometrica 52(3):761–766
Gan C, Anh DLT, Nguyen QTT (2021) Psychological impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on Vietnamese community. Int J Soc Econ 48(9):1347–1371
General Statistical Office (GSO) (2021) Infographic GDP gross rate in second quarter and 6 months of 2021. General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved from https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2021/07/infographic-gdp-gross-rate-in-second-quarter-and-6-months-of-2021/
Hartley K, Bales S, Bali AS (2021) COVID-19 response in a unitary state: emerging lessons from Vietnam. Policy Design and Practice 4(1):152–168
Huynh-Van B, Vuong-Thao V, Huynh-Thi-Thanh T, Dang-Xuan S, Huynh-Van T, Tran-To, L., Nguyen-Thi-Thao N, Huynh-Bach C, Nguyen-Viet H (2022) Factors associated with food safety compliance among street food vendors in Can Tho city, Vietnam: Implications for intervention activity design and implementation. BMC Public Health 22(1):1–11
Ing LY, Basri MC (eds) (2022) COVID-19 in Indonesia: Impacts on the Economy and Ways to Recovery. Routledge, New York
La VP, Pham TH, Ho MT, Nguyen MHP, Nguyen KL, Vuong TT, Nguyen HKT, Tran T, Khuc Q, Ho MT, Vuong QH (2020) Policy response, social media and science journalism for the sustainability of the public health system amid the COVID-19 outbreak: the Vietnam lessons. Sustainability 12(7):2931
Le Thu H (2020) Vietnam’s successful battle against Covid-19. Council of Foreign Relations. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/blog/vietnams-successful-battle-against-covid-19
Mathieu E, Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E, Roser M, Hasell J, Appel C, Giattino C, Rodés-Guirao L (2021) A global database of COVID-19 vaccinations. Nat Hum Behav 5(7):947–953
McGuire J, Kaiser C, Bach-Mortensen A (2020) The Impact of Cash Transfers on Subjective Well-being and Mental Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SocArXiv ydr54, Center for Open Science
Minh LHN, Khoi Quan N, Le TN, Khanh PNQ, Huy NT (2021) COVID-19 timeline of Vietnam: important milestones through four waves of the pandemic and lesson learned. Front Public Health 9:709067
Ministry of Health (2021) Data and news on Covid-19. Available online: https://ncov.moh.gov.vn/. Accessed on 21 Aug 2021
Mirzaei N, Jahanian Sadatmahalleh S, Bahri Khomami M, Moini A, Kazemnejad A (2021) Sexual function, mental health, and quality of life under strain of COVID-19 pandemic in Iranian pregnant and lactating women: a comparative cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 19(1):1–8
Morisset J, Dinh VT, Doan QH, Pham DM, Mandani D, Pimhidzai O, Kaiser KA, Do DV, Alatabani AF, Yang J (2020) Taking Stock: What will be the New Normal for Vietnam? The Economic Impact of COVID-19. World Bank, Washington, DC
Nam SH, Nam JH, Kwon CY (2021) Comparison of the mental health impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable and non-vulnerable groups: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(20):10830
Nguyen TM, Le GNH (2021) The influence of COVID-19 stress on psychological well-being among Vietnamese adults: The role of self-compassion and gratitude. Traumatology 27(1):86
Nguyen HC, Nguyen MH, Do BN, Tran CQ, Nguyen TT, Pham KM, Pham LV, Tran KV, Duong TT, Tran TV, Duong TH (2020a) People with suspected COVID-19 symptoms were more likely depressed and had lower health-related quality of life: the potential benefit of health literacy. J Clin Med 9(4):965
Nguyen NPT, Hoang TD, Tran VT, Vu CT, Siewe Fodjo JN, Colebunders R, Dunne MP, Vo TV (2020b) Preventive behavior of Vietnamese people in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 15(9):e0238830
Nguyen TTP, Nguyen LH, Le HT, Vu GT, Hoang MT, Nguyen DN, Le XTT, Tran BX, Nguyen TT, Pham QT, Ta NTK (2020c) Perceptions and attitudes toward COVID-19-related national response measures of Vietnamese: Implications for pandemic prevention and control. Front Public Health 8:589053
Nguyen LH, Nguyen LD, Ninh LT, Nguyen HTT, Nguyen AD, Dam VAT, Nguyen TT, Do HP, Vu TMT, Tran BX, Latkin CA (2022) COVID-19 and delayed antenatal care impaired pregnant women’s quality of life and psychological well-being: What supports should be provided? Evidence from Vietnam. J Affect Disord 298:119–125
Papageorge NW, Zahn MV, Belot M, Van den Broek-Altenburg E, Choi S, Jamison JC, Tripodi E (2021) Socio-demographic factors associated with self-protecting behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic. J Popul Econ 34(2):691–738
Pham L (2020) Why does Vietnam gain international praise for fight against Covid-19? Hanoi Times. Retrieved from. http://hanoitimes.vn/why-does-vietnam-gain-international-praise-for-fight-against-covid-19-311680.html
Pham HH, Ho TTH (2020) Toward a ‘new normal’ with e-learning in Vietnamese higher education during the post COVID-19 pandemic. Higher Edu Res Dev 39(7):1327–1331
Ren X (2020) Pandemic and lockdown: a territorial approach to COVID-19 in China, Italy and the United States. Eurasian Geogr Econ 61(4–5):423–434
Reuters (2021) Workers try to flee Vietnam’s biggest city as coronavirus crisis worsens. Available online: https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/workers-try-flee-vietnams-biggest-city-coronavirus-crisis-worsens-2021-08-16/. Accessed on 21 Aug 2021
Singh A, Romero M, Muralidharan K (2022) COVID-19 Learning Loss and Recovery: Panel Data Evidence from India (No. w30552). National Bureau of Economic Research
Taniguchi M (2022) Governance and state–society relations in Vietnam during the COVID-19 pandemic. Crit Asian Stud 54(2):198–213
Thanh PT, Duong PB (2022) The COVID-19 pandemic and the livelihood of a vulnerable population: Evidence from women street vendors in urban Vietnam. Cities 130:103879
Tran Q, Dinh V (2021) No way home: Migrants stuck in HCMC amid lockdown. Available online: https://e.vnexpress.net/photo/news/no-way-home-migrants-stuck-in-hcmc-amid-lockdown-4341383.html. Accessed on 21 Aug 2021
Tran BX, Hoang MT, Pham HQ, Hoang CL, Le HT, Latkin CA, Ho CS, Ho RC (2020a) The operational readiness capacities of the grassroots health system in responses to epidemics: Implications for COVID-19 control in Vietnam. J Glob Health 10(1)
Tran BX, Nguyen HT, Le HT, Latkin CA, Pham HQ, Vu LG, Le XTT, Nguyen TT, Pham QT, Ta NTK, Nguyen QT (2020b) Impact of COVID-19 on economic well-being and quality of life of the Vietnamese during the national social distancing. Front Psychol 11:565153
Tran BX, Tran LM, Hwang J, Do TH, Ho RC (2022) Strengthening Health System and Community Responses to Confront COVID-19 Pandemic in Resource-Scare Settings. Frontiers. Public Health 2100
Tran-Nam B, Le-Van C, Nguyen NA (2021) A critical examination of policy objectives and instruments for a sustainable and inclusive post-pandemic recovery. Fulbright Rev Econom Policy 1(2):140–157
Truong VD (2018) Tourism, poverty alleviation, and the informal economy: The street vendors of Hanoi, Vietnam. Tourism Recreation Res 43(1):52–67
Tung LT (2021) Success in combating a pandemic: Role of fast policy responses. World Dev Perspect 21:100285–100285
Vu BT, Bosmans G (2021) Psychological impact of COVID-19 anxiety on learning burnout in Vietnamese students. Sch Psychol Int 42(5):486–496
Vu K, Vuong NDT, Vu-Thanh TA, Nguyen AN (2022) Income shock and food insecurity prediction Vietnam under the pandemic. World Dev 153:105838
World Bank (2020) Global Economic Prospects, January 2020. World Bank, Washington, DC
World Health Organization (WHO) (2022a) COVID Latest reported counts of cases and deaths. Accessed on 15 Oct 2022 at https://covid19.who.int/WHO-COVID-19-global-table-data.csv
World Health Organization (WHO) (2022b) Global health expenditure database. Accessed on 15 Oct 2022 at https://apps.who.int/nha/database/Select/Indicators/en
Yang J, Panagoulias P, Demarchi G (2020) Monitoring COVID-19 Impacts on Households in Vietnam, Report No. 1. World Bank
Zeng X, Li W, Sun H, Luo X, Garg S, Liu T, Zhang J, Zhang Y (2020) Mental health outcomes in perinatal women during the remission phase of COVID-19 in China. Front Psych 11:571876
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the editor Pranee Liamputtong, and Jere Behrman, Long Giang, Paul Glewwe, Cuong Le-Van, Khang Ngoc Luu, Cuong Nguyen, and Huong Nguyen for helpful feedback on earlier drafts. They are grateful to the UK Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) for funding assistance through the Data and Evidence for Tackling Extreme Poverty (DEEP) Research Program.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendix A Number of COVID deaths and public spending on health for Vietnam and other countries
Appendix A Number of COVID deaths and public spending on health for Vietnam and other countries
No | Country | Current health exp. | Death per million | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Percent of GDP (%) | USD | |||
1 | Afghanistan | 13 | 66 | 205 |
2 | Algeria | 6 | 248 | 160 |
3 | Andorra | 7 | 2744 | 2009 |
4 | Angola | 3 | 71 | 60 |
5 | Antigua and Barbuda | 4 | 760 | 1503 |
6 | Argentina | 10 | 946 | 2902 |
7 | Armenia | 11 | 524 | 2941 |
8 | Australia | 10 | 5427 | 589 |
9 | Austria | 10 | 5242 | 2359 |
10 | Azerbaijan | 4 | 193 | 988 |
11 | Bahamas | 6 | 2005 | 2139 |
12 | Bahrain | 4 | 940 | 927 |
13 | Bangladesh | 2 | 46 | 180 |
14 | Barbados | 6 | 1143 | 1951 |
15 | Belarus | 6 | 399 | 753 |
16 | Belgium | 11 | 4960 | 2861 |
17 | Belize | 6 | 293 | 1757 |
18 | Benin | 2 | 29 | 14 |
19 | Bhutan | 4 | 116 | 28 |
20 | Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | 7 | 246 | 1931 |
21 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 9 | 554 | 4894 |
22 | Botswana | 6 | 482 | 1208 |
23 | Brazil | 10 | 853 | 3255 |
24 | Brunei Darussalam | 2 | 672 | 307 |
25 | Bulgaria | 7 | 698 | 5396 |
26 | Burkina Faso | 5 | 42 | 19 |
27 | Burundi | 8 | 21 | 1 |
28 | Cabo Verde | 5 | 178 | 746 |
29 | Cambodia | 7 | 113 | 185 |
30 | Cameroon | 4 | 54 | 75 |
31 | Canada | 11 | 5048 | 1213 |
32 | Central African Republic | 8 | 37 | 24 |
33 | Chad | 4 | 30 | 12 |
34 | Chile | 9 | 1376 | 3237 |
35 | China | 5 | 535 | 19 |
36 | Colombia | 8 | 495 | 2817 |
37 | Comoros | 5 | 72 | 188 |
38 | Congo | 2 | 49 | 72 |
39 | Cook Islands | 3 | 662 | 57 |
40 | Costa Rica | 7 | 922 | 1778 |
41 | Croatia | 7 | 1040 | 4170 |
42 | Cuba | 11 | 1032 | 753 |
43 | Cyprus | 7 | 1996 | 1357 |
44 | Czechia | 8 | 1844 | 3883 |
45 | Côte d’Ivoire | 3 | 75 | 32 |
46 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 4 | 21 | 17 |
47 | Denmark | 10 | 6003 | 1234 |
48 | Djibouti | 2 | 62 | 194 |
49 | Dominica | 5 | 440 | 1031 |
50 | Dominican Republic | 6 | 491 | 408 |
51 | Ecuador | 8 | 486 | 2066 |
52 | Egypt | 5 | 150 | 247 |
53 | El Salvador | 7 | 300 | 655 |
54 | Equatorial Guinea | 3 | 255 | 135 |
55 | Eritrea | 4 | 25 | 29 |
56 | Estonia | 7 | 1599 | 2048 |
57 | Eswatini | 7 | 264 | 1239 |
58 | Ethiopia | 3 | 27 | 68 |
59 | Fiji | 4 | 236 | 987 |
60 | Finland | 9 | 4450 | 1128 |
61 | France | 11 | 4492 | 2265 |
62 | Gabon | 3 | 215 | 141 |
63 | Gambia | 4 | 30 | 158 |
64 | Georgia | 7 | 291 | 4228 |
65 | Germany | 12 | 5440 | 1822 |
66 | Ghana | 3 | 75 | 48 |
67 | Greece | 8 | 1501 | 3106 |
68 | Grenada | 5 | 534 | 2116 |
69 | Guatemala | 6 | 271 | 1129 |
70 | Guinea | 4 | 43 | 36 |
71 | Guinea-Bissau | 8 | 63 | 92 |
72 | Guyana | 5 | 326 | 1637 |
73 | Haiti | 5 | 57 | 76 |
74 | Honduras | 7 | 188 | 1128 |
75 | Hungary | 6 | 1062 | 4879 |
76 | Iceland | 9 | 6275 | 628 |
77 | India | 3 | 64 | 387 |
78 | Indonesia | 3 | 120 | 585 |
79 | Iran (Islamic Republic of) | 7 | 470 | 1743 |
80 | Iraq | 4 | 253 | 645 |
81 | Ireland | 7 | 5429 | 1629 |
82 | Israel | 7 | 3456 | 1375 |
83 | Italy | 9 | 2906 | 2972 |
84 | Jamaica | 6 | 327 | 1126 |
85 | Japan | 11 | 4360 | 360 |
86 | Jordan | 8 | 334 | 1398 |
87 | Kazakhstan | 3 | 273 | 1027 |
88 | Kenya | 5 | 83 | 108 |
89 | Kiribati | 10 | 172 | 111 |
90 | Kuwait | 5 | 1759 | 609 |
91 | Kyrgyzstan | 4 | 62 | 466 |
92 | Lao People’s Democratic Republic | 3 | 68 | 106 |
93 | Latvia | 7 | 1167 | 3140 |
94 | Lebanon | 9 | 663 | 1559 |
95 | Lesotho | 11 | 124 | 332 |
96 | Liberia | 8 | 53 | 60 |
97 | Lithuania | 7 | 1370 | 3348 |
98 | Luxembourg | 5 | 6221 | 1850 |
99 | Madagascar | 4 | 20 | 52 |
100 | Malawi | 7 | 30 | 144 |
101 | Malaysia | 4 | 437 | 1140 |
102 | Maldives | 8 | 854 | 580 |
103 | Mali | 4 | 34 | 38 |
104 | Malta | 8 | 2532 | 1633 |
105 | Marshall Islands | 16 | 664 | 289 |
106 | Mauritania | 3 | 58 | 220 |
107 | Mauritius | 6 | 686 | 810 |
108 | Mexico | 5 | 540 | 2589 |
109 | Micronesia (Federated States of) | 11 | 415 | 483 |
110 | Monaco | 2 | 2906 | 1617 |
111 | Mongolia | 4 | 163 | 661 |
112 | Montenegro | 8 | 735 | 4430 |
113 | Morocco | 5 | 174 | 446 |
114 | Mozambique | 8 | 39 | 73 |
115 | Myanmar | 5 | 60 | 360 |
116 | Namibia | 8 | 427 | 1636 |
117 | Nauru | 10 | 1049 | 93 |
118 | Nepal | 4 | 53 | 420 |
119 | Netherlands | 10 | 5335 | 1314 |
120 | New Zealand | 10 | 4211 | 647 |
121 | Nicaragua | 8 | 161 | 37 |
122 | Niger | 6 | 31 | 13 |
123 | Nigeria | 3 | 71 | 16 |
124 | Niue | 5 | 1012 | 0 |
125 | North Macedonia | 7 | 437 | 4584 |
126 | Norway | 11 | 8007 | 779 |
127 | Oman | 4 | 625 | 930 |
128 | Pakistan | 3 | 39 | 141 |
129 | Palau | 15 | 2356 | 333 |
130 | Panama | 8 | 1193 | 2003 |
131 | Papua New Guinea | 2 | 65 | 76 |
132 | Paraguay | 7 | 388 | 2782 |
133 | Peru | 5 | 370 | 6670 |
134 | Philippines | 4 | 142 | 586 |
135 | Poland | 6 | 1014 | 3104 |
136 | Portugal | 10 | 2221 | 2443 |
137 | Qatar | 3 | 1807 | 241 |
138 | Republic of Korea | 8 | 2625 | 562 |
139 | Republic of Moldova | 6 | 284 | 4426 |
140 | Romania | 6 | 739 | 3457 |
141 | Russian Federation | 6 | 653 | 2665 |
142 | Rwanda | 6 | 51 | 116 |
143 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 5 | 1088 | 871 |
144 | Saint Lucia | 4 | 502 | 2216 |
145 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 5 | 355 | 1049 |
146 | Samoa | 6 | 272 | 147 |
147 | San Marino | 6 | 3051 | 3485 |
148 | Sao Tome and Principe | 6 | 108 | 358 |
149 | Saudi Arabia | 6 | 1316 | 274 |
150 | Senegal | 4 | 59 | 121 |
151 | Serbia | 9 | 641 | 2458 |
152 | Seychelles | 5 | 840 | 1729 |
153 | Sierra Leone | 9 | 46 | 16 |
154 | Singapore | 4 | 2633 | 282 |
155 | Slovakia | 7 | 1342 | 3761 |
156 | Slovenia | 9 | 2219 | 4006 |
157 | Solomon Islands | 5 | 112 | 228 |
158 | South Africa | 9 | 547 | 1745 |
159 | South Sudan | 6 | 23 | 12 |
160 | Spain | 9 | 2711 | 2439 |
161 | Sri Lanka | 4 | 161 | 786 |
162 | Sudan | 5 | 47 | 115 |
163 | Suriname | 10 | 619 | 2382 |
164 | Sweden | 11 | 5671 | 1998 |
165 | Switzerland | 11 | 9666 | 1591 |
166 | Tajikistan | 7 | 62 | 13 |
167 | Thailand | 4 | 296 | 472 |
168 | Timor-Leste | 7 | 93 | 107 |
169 | Togo | 6 | 51 | 36 |
170 | Tonga | 5 | 242 | 115 |
171 | Trinidad and Tobago | 7 | 1168 | 3036 |
172 | Tunisia | 7 | 233 | 2501 |
173 | Turkmenistan | 7 | 500 | 0 |
174 | Tuvalu | 24 | 973 | 0 |
175 | Türkiye | 4 | 396 | 1213 |
176 | USA | 17 | 10,921 | 3199 |
177 | Uganda | 4 | 32 | 82 |
178 | Ukraine | 7 | 248 | 2482 |
179 | United Arab Emirates | 4 | 1843 | 240 |
180 | United Kingdom | 10 | 4313 | 2876 |
181 | United Republic of Tanzania | 4 | 40 | 15 |
182 | Uruguay | 9 | 1661 | 2167 |
183 | Uzbekistan | 6 | 99 | 50 |
184 | Vanuatu | 3 | 104 | 47 |
185 | Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | 5 | 339 | 204 |
186 | Viet Nam | 5 | 181 | 447 |
187 | Zambia | 5 | 69 | 225 |
188 | Zimbabwe | 8 | 103 | 383 |
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Dang, HA.H., Do, M.N.N. (2023). COVID-19 Pandemic and the Health and Well-Being of Vulnerable People in Vietnam. In: Liamputtong, P. (eds) Handbook of Social Sciences and Global Public Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25110-8_127
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25110-8_127
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-25109-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-25110-8
eBook Packages: Social SciencesReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences