Skip to main content

Handwritten Signature Verification System Using Convolutional Neural Network for Real-Time Applications

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Applied Technologies (ICAT 2022)

Abstract

The handwritten signature is the most common method used to verify the legality of documents and plays a critical role in indicating a person’s identity. Traditionally, a person determines the validity of a signature by manually comparing it to a stored record of genuine signatures. Manual verification is time-consuming and depends on the skill of the verifier to detect forgeries. This work aims to develop a system for handwritten signature recognition using pattern recognition techniques. This work pretends to contribute to banks and companies to validate a document’s signature automatically. Handwritten signature verification systems have been approached using different methods; however, solutions with artificial intelligence stand out for their superior performance. The proposed model is based on a shallow convolutional neural network and trained with the CEDAR handwritten signature dataset. The model can recognize the handwritten signatures of 55 users, verifying their legality against forgeries with an Equal Error Rate of 1.716%, improving the performance described by other methods working on the same dataset. The developed system is lightweight and allows verification to be performed in real time. Additionally, this paper provides insightful analysis for hyperparameter optimization of the model.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Stewart, L.F.: The process of forensic handwriting examinations. Forensic Res. Criminol. Int. J. 4, 00126 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Hafemann, L.G., Sabourin, R., Oliveira, L.S.: Offline handwritten signature verification—literature review. In: 2017 Seventh International Conference on Image Processing Theory, Tools and Applications (IPTA), pp. 1–8. IEEE (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  3. American Bankers Association: ABA Deposit Account Fraud Survey Report. American Bankers Association (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Jain, A., Singh, S.K., Singh, K.P.: Handwritten signature verification using shallow convolutional neural network. Multimedia Tools Appl. 79(27–28), 19993–20018 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-08728-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Prakash, G.S., Sharma, S.: Offline signature verification and forgery detection based on computer vision and fuzzy logic. IAES Int. J. Artif. Intell. (IJ-AI) 3, 156–165 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Barbantan, I., Vidrighin, C., Borca, R.: An offline system for handwritten signature recognition. In: 2009 IEEE 5th International Conference on Intelligent Computer Communication and Processing, pp. 3–10. IEEE (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Mohammed, R.A., Nabi, R.M., Sardasht, M., Mahmood, R., Nabi, R.M.: State-of-the-art in handwritten signature verification system. In: 2015 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI), pp. 519–525. IEEE (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Jindal, U., Dalal, S., Dahiya, N.: A combine approach of preprocessing in integrated signature verification (ISV). Int. J. Eng. Technol. 7, 155–159 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Alvarez, G., Sheffer, B., Bryant, M.: Offline signature verification with convolutional neural networks. Technical report (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kumar, A., Bhatia, K.: A survey on offline handwritten signature verification system using writer dependent and independent approaches. In: 2016 2nd International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication, and Automation (ICACCA) (Fall), pp. 1–6. IEEE (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Souza, V.L.F., Oliveira, A.L.I., Sabourin, R.: A writer-independent approach for offline signature verification using deep convolutional neural networks features. In: 2018 7th Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems (BRACIS), pp. 212–217. IEEE (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Jagtap, A.B., Hegadi, R.S., Santosh, K.C.: Feature learning for offline handwritten signature verification using convolutional neural network. Int. J. Technol. Hum. Interact. (IJTHI) 15, 54–62 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hatkar, P.V, Salokhe, B.T., Malgave, A.A.: Offline handwritten signature verification using neural network. Methodology 2, 1–5 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Alajrami, E., et al.: Handwritten signature verification using deep learning. Int. J. Acad. Multidiscipl. Res. (IJAMR) 3 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hafemann, L.G., Sabourin, R., Oliveira, L.S.: Learning features for offline handwritten signature verification using deep convolutional neural networks. Pattern Recogn. 70, 163–176 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Souza, V.L.F., Oliveira, A.L.I., Cruz, R.M.O., Sabourin, R.: A white-box analysis on the writer-independent dichotomy transformation applied to offline handwritten signature verification. Expert Syst Appl. 154, 113397 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Wirth, R., Hipp, J.: CRISP-DM: towards a standard process model for data mining. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Practical Applications of Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 29–39. Manchester (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Yeung, D.-Y., Chang, H., Xiong, Y., George, S., Kashi, R., Matsumoto, T., Rigoll, G.: SVC2004: first international signature verification competition. In: Zhang, D., Jain, A.K. (eds.) ICBA 2004. LNCS, vol. 3072, pp. 16–22. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-25948-0_3

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  19. Vargas, F., Ferrer, M., Travieso, C., Alonso, J.: Off-line handwritten signature GPDS-960 corpus. In: Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR 2007), pp. 764–768. IEEE (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kalera, M.K., Srihari, S., Xu, A.: Offline signature verification and identification using distance statistics. Int. J. Pattern Recogn. Artif. Intell. 18, 1339–1360 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ortega-Garcia, J., et al.: MCYT baseline corpus: a bimodal biometric database. IEE Proc. Vision Image Sig. Process. 150, 395–401 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Cinthia, O.d.A., et al.: Bases de Dados de Cheques BancáriosBrasileiros (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Yang, L., Shami, A.: On hyperparameter optimization of machine learning algorithms: theory and practice. Neurocomputing 415, 295–316 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUCOM.2020.07.061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Feurer, M., Hutter, F.: Hyperparameter optimization. In: Hutter, F., Kotthoff, L., Vanschoren, J. (eds.) Automated Machine Learning. TSSCML, pp. 3–33. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05318-5_1

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  25. Biewald, L.: Experiment Tracking with Weights and Biases (2022). https://www.wandb.com/

  26. Chen, S., Srihari, S.: A new off-line signature verification method based on graph. In: 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR 2006), pp. 869–872 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPR.2006.125

  27. Kumar, R., Sharma, J.D., Chanda, B.: Writer-independent off-line signature verification using surroundedness feature. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 33, 301–308 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2011.10.009

  28. Bharathi, R.K., Shekar, B.H.: Off-line signature verification based on chain code histogram and support vector machine. In: 2013 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), pp. 2063–2068 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACCI.2013.6637499

  29. Guerbai, Y., Chibani, Y., Hadjadji, B.: The effective use of the one-class SVM classifier for handwritten signature verification based on writer-independent parameters. Pattern Recogn. 48, 103–113 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cristian Maza-Merchán .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Maza-Merchán, C., Cordero, J. (2023). Handwritten Signature Verification System Using Convolutional Neural Network for Real-Time Applications. In: Botto-Tobar, M., Zambrano Vizuete, M., Montes León, S., Torres-Carrión, P., Durakovic, B. (eds) Applied Technologies. ICAT 2022. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1755. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24985-3_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24985-3_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-24984-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-24985-3

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics