Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Giant Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
A Clinician's Pearls & Myths in Rheumatology

  • 1446 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Achkar A, et al. How does previous corticosteroid treatment affect the biopsy findings in giant cell (temporal) arteritis? Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:987–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adler S, et al. Diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography in large-vessel vasculitis. Swiss Med Wkly. 2017;17(147):w14397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adler S, et al. Risk of relapse after discontinuation of tocilizumab therapy in giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019;58(9):1639–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alba MA, et al. Relapses in patients with giant cell arteritis: prevalence, characteristics, and associated clinical findings in a longitudinally followed cohort of 106 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014;93(5):194–201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amor-Dorado JC, et al. Audiovestibular manifestations in giant cell arteritis: a prospective study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003;82(1):13–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amsler, et al. Vision loss in patients with giant cell arteritis treated with tocilizumab. Arthritis Res Ther. 2021;23(1):92.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson R, et al. Long-term corticosteroid treatment in giant cell arteritis. Acta Med Scand. 1986;220(5):465–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arend WP, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 1990;33(8):1129–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arida, et al. The diagnostic value of US-derived oedema of the TA wall in GCA: a second meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Dis. 2010;11:1471–2474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aschwanden M, et al. Vessel wall plasticity in large vessel giant cell arteritis: an ultrasound follow-up study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019;58(5):792–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Behbehani R, et al. Clinical approach to optic neuropathies. Clin Ophthalmol. 2007;1(3):233–46.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Berthod PE, et al. CT analysis of the aorta in giant-cell arteritis: a case-control study. Eur Radiol. 2018;28(9):3676–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beuker C, et al. Characterization of extracranial giant cell arteritis with intracranial involvement and its rapidly progressive subtype. Ann Neurol. 2021;90(1):118–29.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bley TA, et al. Mural inflammatory hyperenhancement in MRI of giant cell (temporal) arteritis resolves under corticosteroid treatment. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47(1):65–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blockmans D, et al. PET in large-vessel vasculitis and polymyalgia rheumatica. In: fourth international conference on giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica, New York; 2 Aug 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blockmans D, et al. Magnetic resonance angiography versus 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in large vessel vasculitis. Autoimmun Rev. 2019;18(12):102405.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch P, et al. Ultrasound for diagnosis and follow-up of chronic axillary vasculitis in patients with long-standing giant cell arteritis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2021;13:1759720X21998505.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • de Boysson H, et al. Giant cell arteritis-related stroke: a retrospective multicenter case-control study. J Rheumatol. 2017a;44(3):297–303.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Boysson H, et al. Repetitive 18F-FDG-PET/CT in patients with large-vessel giant-cell arteritis and controlled disease. Eur J Intern Med. 2017b;46:66–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Boysson H, et al. Giant cell arteritis presenting as isolated inflammatory response and/or fever of unknown origin: a case-control study. Clin Rheumatol. 2018;37:3405–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brack A, et al. Disease pattern in cranial and large-vessel giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:311–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Camellino D, et al. Monitoring and long-term management of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16(9):481–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caselli RJ, et al. Peripheral neuropathic syndromes in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Neurology. 1988a;38:685–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caselli RJ, et al. Neurologic disease in biopsy-proven giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Neurology. 1988b;38:352–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cavazza A, et al. Inflamed temporal artery: histologic findings in 354 biopsies, with clinical correlations. Am J Surg Pathol. 2014;38:1360–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chakrabarty A, et al. Temporal artery biopsy: audit of histological diagnosis. Rheumatology. 2020;59(3):678–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christ L. Tocilizumab monotherapy after ultra-short glucocorticoid administration in giant cell arteritis: a single-arm, open-label, proof-of-concept study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2021;3:e619. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00152-1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chrysidis S, et al. Definitions and reliability assessment of elementary ultrasound lesions in giant cell arteritis: a study from the OMERACT Large Vessel Vasculitis Ultrasound Working Group. RMD Open. 2018;4(1):e000598.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen MD, et al. Facial swelling in giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol. 1982;9:325–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conway R, et al. Diagnostic utility of computed tomographic angiography in giant-cell arteritis. Stroke. 2018;49(9):2233–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dasgupta B, et al. provisional classification criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica: a European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(4):484–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Martino A, et al. Incidence of aortitis in surgical specimens of the ascending aorta clinical implications at follow-up. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;31:751–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Miguel E, et al. The utility and sensitivity of colour Doppler ultrasound in monitoring changes in giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012;30(1 Suppl 70):S34–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Miguel E, et al. Atherosclerosis as a potential pitfall in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018;57(2):318–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dejaco C, et al. 2015 Recommendations for the management of polymyalgia rheumatica: a European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:1799–807.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dejaco C, et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(5):636–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delaval L, et al. Temporal arteritis revealing antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides: a case-control study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(2):286–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duftner C, et al. Imaging in diagnosis, outcome prediction and monitoring of large vessel vasculitis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis informing the EULAR recommendations. RMD Open. 2018;4(1):e000612.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dumont A, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with ophthalmologic involvement in giant-cell arteritis: a case-control study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020a;50(2):335–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dumont A, et al. Factors associated with relapse and dependence on glucocorticoids in giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol. 2020b;47(1):108–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esposito AL, et al. Fever of unknown origin in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1978;26:498–505.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esteban MJ, et al. Small-vessel vasculitis surrounding a spared temporal artery: clinical and pathological findings in a series of twenty-eight patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:1387–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans J, et al. Increased incidence of aortic aneurysm and dissection in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:502–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Font RL, et al. Histological parameters helpful in recognizing steroid-treated temporal arteritis: an analysis of 35 cases. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91:204–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, et al. The sensation of facial swelling in temporal arteritis: a predictor for the development of visual disturbance. Postgrad Med J. 1986;62(733):1019–20.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Galli E, et al. Significance of inflammation restricted to adventitial/periadventitial tissue on temporal artery biopsy. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020;50:1064–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Martinez A, et al. Development of aortic aneurysm/dilatation during the followup of patients with giant cell arteritis: a cross-sectional screening of fifty-four prospectively followed patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59(3):422–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geiger J, et al. Involvement of the ophthalmic artery in giant cell arteritis visualized by 3T MRI. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48(5):537–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Généreau T, et al. Temporal artery biopsy. A diagnostic tool for systemic necrotizing vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:2674–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Germano G, et al. Is colour duplex sonography-guided temporal artery biopsy useful in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis? A randomized study. Rheumatology. 2015;54:400–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gloor AD, et al. Takayasu arteritis: prevalence and clinical presentation in Switzerland. PLoS One. 2021;16(6):e0250025.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Godel V, Feiler-Ofry V, Stein R. Systemic steroids and ocular fluid dynamics. II. Systemic versus topical steroids. Acta Ophthalmol. 1972;50:664–76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Gay MA, et al. Giant cell arteritis: disease patterns of clinical presentation in a series of 240 patients. Medicine. 2005;84:269–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gooi P, et al. Temporal arteritis: a dilemma in clinical and pathological diagnosis. Can J Ophthalmol. 2008;43:119–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon L, et al. Visual loss in giant cell arteritis. JAMA. 1998;280:385–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham E, et al. Prognosis in giant-cell arteritis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981;282(6260):269–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grayson PC, et al. 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography as an imaging biomarker in a prospective, longitudinal cohort of patients with large vessel vasculitis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018;70(3):439–49.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grum F, et al. High-resolution color-coded sonography in angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia presenting as temporal arteritis. Circulation. 2010;121(8):1045–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guggenberger KV, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography in large-vessel vasculitides. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2018;36 Suppl 114(5):103–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall S, et al. The therapeutic impact of temporal artery biopsy. Lancet. 1983;2:1217–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauenstein C, et al. Effects of early corticosteroid treatment on magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography findings in giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012;51(11):1999–2003.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hausch RC, et al. Temporal arteritis and sensorineural hearing loss. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1998;28(3):206–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayreh SS. Management of ischemic optic neuropathies. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2011;59(2):123–36.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hayreh SS, et al. Occult giant cell arteritis: ocular manifestations. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998a;125(4):521–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayreh SS, et al. Ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998b;125(4):509–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayreh SS, et al. Management of giant cell arteritis. Our 27-year clinical study: new light on old controversies. Ophthalmologica. 2003;217(4):239–59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hellmann DB, et al. Domains Of quality of life important to patients with giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;49(6):819–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hellmich B, et al. 2018 Update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(1):19–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill CL, et al. Risk of mortality in patients with giant cell arteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;46(4):513–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hocevar, et al. Adrenal insufficiency after glucocorticoid treatment of giant cell arteritis. EULAR. 2021:AB0353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman GS, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjuvant methotrexate treatment for giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(5):1309–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horton BT, et al. Undescribed forms of arteritis of temporal vessels. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1932;7:700–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horton BT, et al. Arteritis of temporal vessels: report of 7 cases. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1937;12:548–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunder GG, et al. Daily and alternate-day corticosteroid regimens in treatment of giant cell arteritis: comparison in a prospective study. Ann Intern Med. 1975;82:613–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunder GG, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(8):1122–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huston KA, et al. Temporal arteritis: a 25-year epidemiologic, clinical, and pathologic study. Ann Intern Med. 1978;88(2):162–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Imran TF, et al. Respiratory and otolaryngologic manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2015;33:164–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ješe R, et al. The cut-off values for the intima-media complex thickness assessed by colour Doppler sonography in seven cranial and aortic arch arteries. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60(3):1346–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston AC. Giant cell arteritis: ophthalmic and systemic considerations. Can J Ophthalmol. 1973;8:38–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jover JA, et al. Combined treatment of giant-cell arteritis with methotrexate and prednisone. a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(2):106–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jurado JA, et al. Radiation-induced peripheral artery disease. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;72(4):563–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kermani TA, et al. Arterial lesions in giant cell arteritis: a longitudinal study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019;48(4):707–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klink T, et al. Giant cell arteritis: diagnostic accuracy of MR imaging of superficial cranial arteries in initial diagnosis-results from a multicenter trial. Radiology. 2014;273(3):844–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kyle V, et al. Liver scan abnormalities in polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis. Clin Rheumatol. 1991;10(3):294–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lariviere D, et al. Positron emission tomography and computed tomography angiography for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: a real-life prospective study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(30):e4146.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larson T, et al. Respiratory tract symptoms as a clue to giant cell arteritis. Ann Intern Med. 1984;101:594–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee CC, et al. Dysarthria associated with giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:931–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lessell S. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: enigma variations. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117:386–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lie JT. Illustrated histopathologic classification criteria for selected vasculitis syndromes. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:1074–87.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liozon E, et al. Head-and-neck swelling: an under-recognized feature of giant cell arteritis. A report of 37 patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006;24(2 Suppl 41):S20–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liozon E, et al. Risk profiling for a refractory course of giant cell arteritis: the importance of age and body weight: “risk profiling for GC resistance in GCA”. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020;50(6):1252–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luqmani R, et al. The role of ultrasound compared to biopsy of temporal arteries in the diagnosis and treatment of giant cell arteritis (TABUL): a diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness study. Health Technol Assess. 2016;20(90):1–238.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mahr AD, et al. Adjunctive methotrexate to treat giant cell arteritis: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(8):2789–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mollan SP, Paemeleire K, Versijpt J, et al. European Headache Federation recommendations for neurologists managing giant cell arteritis. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):28.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Monti S, et al. The proposed role of ultrasound in the management of giant cell arteritis in routine clinical practice. Rheumatology. 2018;57:112119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narváez J, et al. Influence of previous corticosteroid therapy on temporal artery biopsy yield in giant cell arteritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2007;37(1):13–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen BD, et al. Three days of high-dose glucocorticoid treatment attenuates large-vessel 18F-FDG uptake in large-vessel giant cell arteritis but with a limited impact on diagnostic accuracy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;45(7):1119–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen BD, et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography in the diagnosis and monitoring of giant cell arteritis. PET Clin. 2020;15(2):135–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noumegni SR, et al. Comparison of 18- and 22-MHz probes for the ultrasonographic diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. J Clin Ultrasound. 2021;49:546.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nuenninghoff DM, et al. Mortality of large-artery complication (aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and/or large-artery stenosis) in patients with giant cell arteritis: a population-based study over 50 years. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(12):3532–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olopade CO, et al. Giant cell arteritis manifesting as chronic cough and fever of unknown origin. Mayo Clin Proc. 1997;72:1048.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papadimitraki ED, et al. Ear-nose-throat manifestations of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004;22(4):485–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paraskevas KI, et al. Oral and ocular/orbital manifestations of temporal arteritis: a disease with deceptive clinical symptoms and devastating consequences. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26(7):1044–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini M, et al. Choroidal vascular changes in arteritic and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;205:43–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pipitone N, et al. Are steroids alone sufficient for the treatment of giant cell arteritis? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2005;19(2):277–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pipitone N, et al. Long-term outcome of giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006;24(2 Suppl 41):S65–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pipitone N, et al. Role of imaging studies in the diagnosis and follow-up of large-vessel vasculitis: an update. Rheumatology. 2008;47:403–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ponte C, et al. Diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020a;59(Suppl 3):iii5–iii16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ponte C, et al. Early variation of ultrasound halo sign with treatment and relation with clinical features in patients with giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020b;59(12):3717–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porter MJ. Temporal arteritis presenting as a submandibular swelling. J Laryngol Otol. 1990;104(10):819–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prieto-González S, et al. Effect of glucocorticoid treatment on computed tomography angiography detected large-vessel inflammation in giant-cell arteritis. A prospective, longitudinal study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(5):e486.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Puppo C, et al. Giant cell arteritis: a systematic review of the qualitative and semiquantitative methods to assess vasculitis with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:574248.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rahne T, et al. Vasculitis and the ear: a literature review. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2020;32:47–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Regan MJ, et al. Ethnic disparity in the incidence of temporal arteritis: a 32-year experience at an urban medical center. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:S128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichenbach S, et al. Magnetic resonance angiography in giant cell arteritis: results of a randomized controlled trial of tocilizumab in giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018;57(6):982–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Remond P, et al. The central bright spot sign: a potential new MR imaging sign for the early diagnosis of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy due to giant cell arteritis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2017;38(7):1411–5.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Restuccia G, et al. Small-vessel vasculitis surrounding an uninflamed temporal artery and isolated vasa vasorum vasculitis of the temporal artery: two subsets of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:549–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhéaume M, et al. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of scalp arteries for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: results of a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(1):161–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robson JC, et al. The relative risk of aortic aneurysm in patients with giant cell arteritis compared with the general population of the UK. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(1):129–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rojo-Leyva F, et al. Study of 52 patients with idiopathic aortitis from a cohort of 1204 surgical cases. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:901–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubenstein E, et al. Sensitivity of temporal artery biopsy in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(5):1011–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rucker JC, et al. Ischemic optic neuropathies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2004;17(1):27–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Masera JJ, et al. Submandibular swelling as the first manifestation of giant cell arteritis. Report of a case. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1995;23(2):119–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salvarani C, et al. Giant cell arteritis with a low erythrocyte sedimentation rate: frequency of occurence in a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;45:140–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salvarani C, et al. Giant cell arteritis: involvement of intracranial arteries. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;55:985–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sammel AM, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of positron emission tomography/computed tomography of the head, neck, and chest for giant cell arteritis: a prospective, double-blind, cross-sectional study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(8):1319–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saravanan V, et al. Patient-reported involvement of the eighth cranial nerve in giant cell arteritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2019;38:3655–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer VS, et al. Ultrasound cut-off values for intima-media thickness of temporal, facial and axillary arteries in giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56(9):1479–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer VS, et al. Assessing vasculitis in giant cell arteritis by ultrasound: results of OMERACT patient-based reliability exercises. J Rheumatol. 2018;45(9):1289–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer VS, et al. Imaging for diagnosis, monitoring, and outcome prediction of large vessel vasculitides. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2020;22(11):76.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer S, et al. OMERACT definition and reliability assessment of chronic ultrasound lesions of the axillary artery in giant cell arteritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2021;51:951.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt WA. The ultrasound halo sign of temporal arteries: is it always giant cell arteritis? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019;58(11):1898–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt WA, et al. Colour Doppler sonography to diagnose temporal arteritis. Lancet. 1995;345(8953):866.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt WA, et al. Color duplex ultrasonography in the diagnosis of temporal arteritis. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(19):1336–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt WA, et al. Ultrasound of proximal upper extremity arteries to increase the diagnostic yield in large-vessel giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology. 2008;47:96–101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schönau V, et al. The value of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in identifying the cause of fever of unknown origin (FUO) and inflammation of unknown origin (IUO): data from a prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(1):70–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seitz L, et al. No blood for dark-blood: false-negative MRI in a patient with giant cell arteritis and occluded left temporal artery. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020:keaa386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seitz L, et al. Quantitative ultrasound to monitor the vascular response to tocilizumab in giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021:keab484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Small P, et al. Wegener’s granulomatosis presenting as temporal arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1991;34:220–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smetana GW, et al. Does this patient have temporal arteritis? JAMA. 2002;287:92–101.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spiera RF, et al. A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial of methotrexate in the treatment of giant cell arteritis (GCA). Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001;19(5):495–501.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone JH, Tuckwell K, Dimonaco S et al. Clinical and laboratory features of giant cell arteritis disease flares in patients treated with glucocorticoids or glucocorticoids plus tocilizumab in a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2019;71:1329–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone JH. Hearing voices. Pharos. 2006;69:31–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone JH, et al. Immune-mediated inner ear disease. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2000;12(1):32–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone JH, et al. Trial of tocilizumab in giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(4):317–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strand V, et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with giant cell arteritis treated with tocilizumab in a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2019;21(1):64.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sultan H, et al. Pathologic markers determining prognosis in patients with treated or healing giant cell arteritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;193:45–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thalhammer C, et al. Carotid artery disease after head and neck radiotherapy. Vasa. 2015;44(1):23–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas R, et al. Giant cell aortitis mimicking intramural hematoma. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2017;11(4):327–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Treitl KM, et al. 3D-black-blood 3T-MRI for the diagnosis of thoracic large vessel vasculitis: a feasibility study. Eur Radiol. 2017;27(5):2119–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Unizony S, et al. Design of the tocilizumab in giant cell arteritis trial. Int J Rheumatol. 2013;2013:912562.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Unizony S, et al. Temporal trends of venous thromboembolism risk before and after diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(1):176–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Unizony S, et al. Characteristics of giant cell arteritis flares after successful treatment with tocilizumab: results from the long-term extension of a randomized controlled phase 3 trial [abstract]. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72(Suppl 10).

    Google Scholar 

  • Unizony S, et al. Clinical outcomes of patients with giant cell arteritis treated with tocilizumab in real-world clinical practice: decreased incidence of new visual manifestations. Arthritis Res Ther. 2021;23(1):8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Valmaggia C, et al. Indocyanine green versus fluorescein angiography in the differential diagnosis of arteritic and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Retina. 1999;19(2):131–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Geest KSM, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of symptoms, physical signs, and laboratory tests for giant cell arteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020;180(10):1295–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Villiger PM, et al. Tocilizumab for induction and maintenance of remission in giant cell arteritis: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10031):1921–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weyand C, Fulbright J, Hunder G, et al. Treatment of giant cell arteritis: interleukin-6 as a biologic marker of disease activity. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:1041–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Peter M. Villiger

  2. Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Peter M. Villiger

  3. Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland

    Lisa Christ

  4. Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Luca Seitz & Godehard Scholz

  5. Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Christoph Tappeiner

  6. Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy

    Francesco Muratore

  7. Rheumatology Service, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy

    Carlo Salvarani

  8. Metabolic Neurology, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

    Sue Mollan

  9. Rheumatology, Luton and Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Luton, UK

    Vanessa Quick

  10. Rheumatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria

    Christian Dejaco

  11. Rheumatology, Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy

    Christian Dejaco

  12. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Michael Lee

  13. Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Michael Lee

  14. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Michael Lee

  15. Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Neil Basu

  16. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Neil Miller

  17. Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

    John H. Stone

Authors
  1. Peter M. Villiger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lisa Christ
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Luca Seitz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Godehard Scholz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Christoph Tappeiner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Francesco Muratore
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Carlo Salvarani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Sue Mollan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Vanessa Quick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Christian Dejaco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Michael Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Neil Basu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Neil Miller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. John H. Stone
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter M. Villiger .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    John H. Stone

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Villiger, P.M. et al. (2023). Giant Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica. In: Stone, J.H. (eds) A Clinician's Pearls & Myths in Rheumatology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23488-0_27

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23488-0_27

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-23487-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-23488-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation