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Rational Engineering of Photocathodes for Hydrogen Production: Heterostructure, Dye-Sensitized, Perovskite, and Tandem Cells

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Chemically Deposited Metal Chalcogenide-based Carbon Composites for Versatile Applications

Abstract

The use of renewable energy to generate hydrogen (H2) via photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is an auspicious approach. In PEC, cathode electrode leads to a half-cell hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and anode electrode leads to a half-cell oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In a PEC device, there are two important components: (i) light-absorbing electrode that generates electron-hole sets upon light incident and (ii) a catalyst that decreases the overpotential for H2 production and facilitates charge transfer. In this review, we focused on photocathode fabrication for H2 evolution. The photocathode materials are intensively investigated such as metal alloys, metal oxides, chalcogenides, borides, nitrides, and phosphides. In addition to this heterostructure, dye-sensitized and perovskite-sensitized photocathodes are developed. The tandem devices have been investigated to achieve high light absorption using two absorbers and optimizing different bandgap electrodes to get high solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency (STH). This review explores progress toward photocathode, with special prominence deployment in PEC systems, their importance, and the challenges in developing devices.

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Abbreviations

APCE:

Absorbed photon-to-current conversion efficiency

CB:

Conduction band

CZTS:

Copper zinc tin sulfide

D:

Dimension

DSPECs:

Dye-sensitized photo-electrochemical cells

DSC:

Dye-sensitized solar cell

Ef,h:

Quasi-Fermi levels of holes

Ef,n:

Quasi-Fermi levels of electrons

EF(EQ)(H2O/H2):

Fermi level of water/hydrogen redox reaction

ETM:

Electron transporting material

HER:

Hydrogen evolution reaction

HTM:

Hole transporting material

IPCE:

Incident photon-to-current efficiency

OER:

Oxygen evolution reaction

PSC:

Perovskite solar cell

PEC:

Photoelectrochemical

PMI-6 T-TPA:

Perylenemonoimid-sexithiophene-triphenylamine dye

QDs:

Quantum dots

STH:

Solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency

VBM:

Valence band maxima

VB:

Valence band

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Acknowledgments

Authors gratefully acknowledge the funding as the statement: this research is supported by the Second Century Fund (C2F), the CAT-REAC industrial project, Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University (CU_FRB65_ind (15)_163_21_29), the NSRF via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources and Institutional Development, Research and Innovation [grant number B16F640143]), and the Asahi Glass Foundation.

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  1. High-Performance Computing Unit (CECC-HCU), Center of Excellence on Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering (CECC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

    Jasmin S. Shaikh, Meena Rittiruam, Tinnakorn Saelee & Supareak Praserthdam

  2. Center of Excellence on Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering (CECC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

    Victor Márquez & Piyasan Praserthdam

  3. School of Materials Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand

    Navajsharif S. Shaikh & Pongsakorn Kanjanaboos

  4. Centre of Interdisciplinary Research, D. Y. Patil Education Society, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

    Navajsharif S. Shaikh & Chandrakant D. Lokhande

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  1. Jasmin S. Shaikh
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Correspondence to Supareak Praserthdam .

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  1. Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria

    Fabian I. Ezema

  2. Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, D Y Patil University, Kolhapur, India

    Chandrakant D. Lokhande

  3. Mechanical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Abhishek C. Lokhande

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Shaikh, J.S. et al. (2023). Rational Engineering of Photocathodes for Hydrogen Production: Heterostructure, Dye-Sensitized, Perovskite, and Tandem Cells. In: Ezema, F.I., Lokhande, C.D., Lokhande, A.C. (eds) Chemically Deposited Metal Chalcogenide-based Carbon Composites for Versatile Applications . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23401-9_11

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