Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pediatric Sleep Apnea

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Airway diseases

  • 674 Accesses

Abstract

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a spectrum of disorders due to disruption of normal respiratory pattern and ventilation during sleep. It ranges from habitual snoring and upper airway resistance syndrome to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) with increasing severity. In OSAS, the most severe form, there are recurrent events of partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep which result in abnormal ventilation and sleep pattern, leading to intermittent hypoxemia, intermittent hypercapnia, and sleep fragmentation. If untreated, OSAS can lead to neurocognitive, cardiovascular, and metabolic dysfunction [1].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Marcus CL, Brooks LJ, Draper KA, Gozal D, Halbower AC, Jones J, Schechter MS, Ward SD, Sheldon SH, Shiffman RN, Lehmann C, Spruyt K, American Academy of Pediatrics. Diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics. 2012;130:576–84. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-1671.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Lumeng JC, Chervin RD. Epidemiology of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5:242–52. https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.200708-135MG.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Horne RSC, Ong C, Weichard A, Nixon GM, Davey MJ. Are there gender differences in the severity and consequences of sleep disordered in children? Sleep Med. 2020;67:147–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2019.11.1249.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Rosen CL, Larkin EK, Kirchner HL, Emancipator JL, Bivins SF, Surovec SA, Martin RJ, Redline S. Prevalence and risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in 8- to 11-year-old children: association with race and prematurity. J Pediatr. 2003;142:383–9. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2003.28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Dayyat E, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Sans Capdevila O, Maarafeya MMA, Gozal D. Obstructive sleep apnea in children: relative contributions of body mass index and adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Chest. 2009;136:137–44. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-2568.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Li AM, Wong E, Kew J, Hui S, Fok TF. Use of tonsil size in the evaluation of obstructive sleep apnoea. Arch Dis Child. 2002;87:156–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.87.2.156.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Genotype-phenotype interactions in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2013;189:338–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2013.03.016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Andersen IG, Holm JC, Homøe P. Obstructive sleep apnea in obese children and adolescents, treatment methods and outcome of treatment – a systematic review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;87:190–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.06.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kaditis AG, Alonso Alvarez ML, Boudewyns A, Alexopoulos EI, Ersu R, Joosten K, Larramona H, Miano S, Narang I, Trang H, Tsaoussoglou M, Vandenbussche N, Villa MP, Van Waardenburg D, Weber S, Verhulst S. Obstructive sleep disordered breathing in 2- to 18-year-old children: diagnosis and management. Eur Respir J. 2016;47:69–94. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00385-2015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Li AM, Au CT, Sung RY, Ho C, Ng PC, Fok TF, Wing YK. Ambulatory blood pressure in children with obstructive sleep apnoea: a community based study. Thorax. 2008;63:803–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2007.091132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Xu Z, Li B, Shen K. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in Chinese children with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013;48:274–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.22595.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Smith DF, Amin RS. OSA and cardiovascular risk in pediatrics. Chest. 2019;156:402–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2019.02.011.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Ingram DG, Singh AV, Ehsan Z, Birnbaum BF. Obstructive sleep apnea and pulmonary hypertension in children. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2017;23:33–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2017.01.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Sedky K, Bennett DS, Carvalho KS. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sleep disordered breathing in pediatric populations: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;18:349–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2013.12.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Smith DL, Gozal D, Hunter SJ, Philby MF, Kaylegian J, Kheirandish-Gozal L. Impact of sleep disordered breathing on behaviour among elementary school-aged children: a cross-sectional analysis of a large community-based sample. Eur Respir J. 2016;48:1631–9. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00808-2016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Yilmaz E, Sedky K, Bennett DS. The relationship between depressive symptoms and obstructive sleep apnea in pediatric populations: a meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;9:1213–20. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.3178.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Melendres MC, Lutz JM, Rubin ED, Marcus CL. Daytime sleepiness and hyperactivity in children with suspected sleep-disordered breathing. Pediatrics. 2004;114:768–75. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-0730.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Tsaoussoglou M, Bixler EO, Calhoun S, Chrousos GP, Sauder K, Vgontzas AN. Sleep-disordered breathing in obese children is associated with prevalent excessive daytime sleepiness, inflammation, and metabolic abnormalities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:143–50. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-0435.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gottlieb DJ, Chase C, Vezina RM, Heeren TC, Corwin MJ, Auerbach SH, Weese-Mayer DE, Lesko SM. Sleep-disordered breathing symptoms are associated with poorer cognitive function in 5-year-old children. J Pediatr. 2004;145:458–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.05.039.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hunter SJ, Gozal D, Smith DL, Philby MF, Kaylegian J, Kheirandish-Gozal L. Effect of sleep-disordered breathing severity on cognitive performance measures in a large community cohort of young school-aged children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;194:739–47. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201510-2099OC.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. O'Brien LM, Mervis CB, Holbrook CR, Bruner JL, Klaus CJ, Rutherford J, Raffield TJ, Gozal D. Neurobehavioral implications of habitual snoring in children. Pediatrics. 2004;114:44–9. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.1.44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bonuck KA, Freeman K, Henderson J. Growth and growth biomarker changes after adenotonsillectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2009;94:83–91. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2008.141192.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Jeyakumar A, Rahman SI, Armbrecht ES, Mitchell R. The association between sleep-disordered breathing and enuresis in children. Laryngoscope. 2012;122:1873–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.23323.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Aurora RN, Zak RS, Karippot A, Lamm CI, Morgenthaler TI, Auerbach SH, Bista SR, Casey KR, Chowdhuri S, Kristo DA, Ramar K, American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for the respiratory indications for polysomnography in children. Sleep. 2011;34:379–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/34.3.379.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Rabasco J, Vigo A, Vitelli O, Noce S, Pietropaoli N, Evangelisti M, Pia Villa M. Apparent life-threatening events could be a wake-up call for sleep disordered breathing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:1403–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.23468.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kaditis AG, Alonso Alvarez ML, Boudewyns A, Abel F, Alexopoulos EI, Ersu R, Joosten K, Larramona H, Miano S, Narang I, Tan HL, Trang H, Tsaoussoglou M, Vandenbussche N, Villa MP, Van Waardenburg D, Weber S, Verhulst S. ERS statement on obstructive sleep disordered breathing in 1- to 23-month-old children. Eur Respir J. 2017;50:1700985. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00985-2017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Joosten KF, Larramona H, Miano S, Van Waardenburg D, Kaditis AG, Vandenbussche N, Ersu R. How do we recognize the child with OSAS? Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:260–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.23639.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Marcus CL, Meltzer LJ, Roberts RS, Traylor J, Dix J, D’Ilario J, Asztalos E, Opie G, Doyle LW, Biggs SN, Nixon GM, Narang I, Bhattacharjee R, Davey M, Horne RS, Cheshire M, Gibbons J, Costantini L, Bradford R, Schmidt B, Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity-Sleep S. Long-term effects of caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity on sleep at school age. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190:791–9. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201406-1092OC.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Kalampouka E, Moudaki A, Malakasioti G, Panaghiotopoulou-Gartagani P, Chrousos G, Kaditis AG. Family history of adenotonsillectomy as a risk factor for tonsillar hypertrophy and snoring in childhood. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014;49:366–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.22830.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Friberg D, Sundquist J, Li X, Hemminki K, Sundquist K. Sibling risk of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Sleep. 2009;32:1077–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/32.8.1077.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Benedek P, Balakrishnan K, Cunningham MJ, Friedman NR, Goudy SL, Ishman SL, et al. International Pediatric Otolaryngology group (IPOG) consensus on the diagnosis and management of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;138:110276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110276.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Marcus CL, Brooks LJ, Draper KA, Gozal D, Halbower AC, Jones J, Schechter MS, Ward SD, Sheldon SH, Shiffman RN, Lehmann C, Spruyt K, American Academy of Pediatrics. Diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e714–55. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-1672.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Chervin RD, Hedger K, Dillon JE, Pituch KJ. Pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ): validity and reliability of scales for sleep-disordered breathing, snoring, sleepiness, and behavioral problems. Sleep Med. 2000;1:21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1389-9457(99)00009-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Brouillette RT, Morielli A, Leimanis A, Waters KA, Luciano R, Ducharme FM. Nocturnal pulse oximetry as an abbreviated testing modality for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatrics. 2000;105:405–12. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.105.2.405.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Borgström A, Nerfeldt P, Friberg D. Questionnaire OSA-18 has poor validity compared to polysomnography in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;77:1864–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.08.030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Villa MP, Paolino MC, Castaldo R, Vanacore N, Rizzoli A, Miano S, Del Pozzo M, Montesano M. Sleep clinical record: an aid to rapid and accurate diagnosis of paediatric sleep disordered breathing. Eur Respir J. 2013;41:1355–61. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00215411.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Van Holsbeke C, Vos W, Van Hoorenbeeck K, Boudewyns A, Salgado R, Verdonck PR, Ramet J, De Backer J, De Backer W, Verhulst SL. Functional respiratory imaging as a tool to assess upper airway patency in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med. 2013;14:433–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2012.12.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Fishman G, Zemel M, DeRowe A, Sadot E, Sivan Y, Koltai PJ. Fiber-optic sleep endoscopy in children with persistent obstructive sleep apnea: inter-observer correlation and comparison with awake endoscopy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;77:752–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.02.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Manickam PV, Shott SR, Boss EF, Cohen AP, Meinzen-Derr JK, Amin RS, Ishman SL. Systematic review of site of obstruction identification and non-CPAP treatment options for children with persistent pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Laryngoscope. 2016;126:491–500. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.25459.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Boudewyns A, Saldien V, Van de Heyning P, Verhulst S. Drug-induced sedation endoscopy in surgically naïve infants and children with obstructive sleep apnea: impact on treatment decision and outcome. Sleep Breath. 2018;22:503–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-017-1581-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Clark C, Ulualp SO. Multimodality assessment of upper airway obstruction in children with persistent obstructive sleep apnea after adenotonsillectomy. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:1224–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.26174.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kaditis A, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Pediatric OSAS: oximetry can provide answers when polysomnography is not available. Sleep Med Rev. 2016;27:96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2015.05.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Nixon GM, Kermack AS, Davis GM, Manoukian JJ, Brown KA, Brouillette RT. Planning adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea: the role of overnight oximetry. Pediatrics. 2004;113:e19–25. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.1.e19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hornero R, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gutiérrez-Tobal GC, Philby MF, Alonso-Álvarez ML, Álvarez D, Dayyat EA, Xu Z, Huang YS, Tamae Kakazu M, Li AM, Van Eyck A, Brockmann PE, Ehsan Z, Simakajornboon N, Kaditis AG, Vaquerizo-Villar F, Crespo Sedano A, Sans Capdevila O, von Lukowicz M, Terán-Santos J, Del Campo F, Poets CF, Ferreira R, Bertran K, Zhang Y, Schuen J, Verhulst S, Gozal D. Nocturnal oximetry-based evaluation of habitually snoring children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;196:1591–8. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201705-0930OC.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Sleep Disorders Association. Practice parameters for the use of portable recording in the assessment of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 1994;17:372–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/17.4.372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Goodwin JL, Enright PL, Kaemingk KL, Rosen GM, Morgan WJ, Fregosi RF, Quan SF. Feasibility of using unattended polysomnography in children for research-report of the Tucson Children’s Assessment of Sleep Apnea study (TuCASA). Sleep. 2001;24:937–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/24.8.937.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Marcus CL, Traylor J, Biggs SN, Roberts RS, Nixon GM, Narang I, Bhattacharjee R, Davey MJ, Horne RS, Cheshire M, Gibbons KJ, Dix J, Asztalos E, Doyle LW, Opie GF, D’ilario J, Costantini L, Bradford R, Schmidt B. Feasibility of comprehensive, unattended ambulatory polysomnography in school-aged children. J Clin Sleep Med. 2014;10:913–8. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.3970.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Alonso-Álvarez ML, Terán-Santos J, Ordax Carbajo E, Cordero-Guevara JA, Navazo-Egüia AI, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Reliability of home respiratory polygraphy for the diagnosis of sleep apnea in children. Chest. 2015;147:1020–8. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.14-195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Masoud AI, Patwari PP, Adavadkar PA, Arantes H, Park C, Carley DW. Validation of the MediByte portable monitor for the diagnosis of sleep apnea in pediatric patients. J Clin Sleep Med. 2019;15:733–42. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.7764.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Tan HL, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Pediatric home sleep apnea testing: slowly getting there! Chest. 2015;148(6):1382–95. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.15-1365.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Ikizoglu NB, Kiyan E, Polat B, Ay P, Karadag B, Ersu R. Are home sleep studies useful in diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea in children with down syndrome? Pediatr Pulmonol. 2019;54:1541–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.24440.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kirk V, Baughn J, D’Andrea L, Friedman N, Galion A, Garetz S, Hassan F, Wrede J, Harrod CG, Malhotra RK. American academy of sleep medicine position paper for the use of a home sleep apnea test for the diagnosis of OSA in children. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13:1199–203. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6772.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Berry RB, Quan SF, Abreu AR, Bibbs ML, DelRosso L, Harding SM, et al. The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules, terminology and technical specifications, version 2.6. Darien: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2020. http://www.aasmnet.org/scoringmanual/. Accessed 12 Dec 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Tapia IE, Karamessinis L, Bandla P, Huang J, Kelly A, Pepe M, Schultz B, Gallagher P, Brooks LJ, Marcus CL. Polysomnographic values in children undergoing puberty: pediatric vs. adult respiratory rules in adolescents. Sleep. 2008;31(12):1737–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/31.12.1737.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Beck SE, Marcus CL. Pediatric polysomnography. Sleep Med Clin. 2009;4(3):393–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.04.007.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Mitchell RB, Archer SM, Ishman SL, Rosenfeld RM, Coles S, Finestone SA, Friedman NR, Giordano T, Hildrew DM, Kim TW, Lloyd RM, Parikh SR, Shulman ST, Walner DL, Walsh SA, Nnacheta LC. Clinical practice guideline: tonsillectomy in children (update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;160:S1–S42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599818801757.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Bhattacharjee R, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Spruyt K, Mitchell RB, Promchiarak J, Simakajornboon N, Kaditis AG, Splaingard D, Splaingard M, Brooks LJ, Marcus CL, Sin S, Arens R, Verhulst SL, Gozal D. Adenotonsillectomy outcomes in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children: a multicenter retrospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:676–83. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200912-1930OC.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Marcus CL, Moore RH, Rosen CL, Giordani B, Garetz SL, Taylor HG, Mitchell RB, Amin R, Katz ES, Arens R, Paruthi S, Muzumdar H, Gozal D, Thomas NH, Ware J, Beebe D, Snyder K, Elden L, Sprecher RC, Willging P, Jones D, Bent JP, Hoban T, Chervin RD, Ellenberg SS, Redline S, Childhood Adenotonsillectomy Trial (CHAT). A randomized trial of adenotonsillectomy for childhood sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2366–76. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1215881.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Mitchell RB. Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children: outcome evaluated by pre- and postoperative polysomnography. Laryngoscope. 2007;117:1844–54. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLG.0b013e318123ee56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Friedman M, Wilson M, Lin HC, Chang HW. Updated systematic review of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy for treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;140:800–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2009.01.043.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Scheffler P, Wolter NE, Narang I, Amin R, Holler T, Ishman SL, Propst EJ. Surgery for obstructive sleep apnea in obese children: literature review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;160:985–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599819829415.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Boudewyns A, Abel F, Alexopoulos E, Evangelisti M, Kaditis A, Miano S, Villa MP, Verhulst SL. Adenotonsillectomy to treat obstructive sleep apnea: is it enough? Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:699–709. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.23641.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Van Eyck A, De Guchtenaere A, Van Gaal L, De Backer W, Verhulst SL, Van Hoorenbeeck K. Clinical predictors of residual sleep apnea after weight loss therapy in obese adolescents. J Pediatr. 2018;196:189–193.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.12.056.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Furbetta N, Gragnani F, Cervelli R, Guidi F, Furbetta F. Teenagers with obesity: long-term results of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. J Pediatr Surg. 2020;55:732–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.08.01.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Roche J, Isacco L, Masurier J, Pereira B, Mougin F, Chaput JP, Thivel D. Are obstructive sleep apnea and sleep improved in response to multidisciplinary weight loss interventions in youth with obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes. 2020;44:753–70. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-019-0497-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Liming BJ, Ryan M, Mack D, Ahmad I, Camacho M. Montelukast and nasal corticosteroids to treat pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;160:594–602. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599818815683.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Dayyat E, Serpero LD, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Goldman JL, Snow A, Bhattacharjee R, Gozal D. Leukotriene pathways and in vitro adenotonsillar cell proliferation in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 2009;135:1142–9. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-2102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Goldbart AD, Tal A. Inflammation and sleep disordered breathing in children: a state-of-the-art review. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008;43:1151–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.20943.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Bhattacharjee R. Question 5: which children with OSA should be considered for medical therapy? Paediatr Respir Rev. 2020;S1526-0542(20):30116-0. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2020.06.021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Aschenbrenner DS. New boxed warning for singulair. Am J Nurs. 2020;120:27. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000688208.18552.0c.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Marcus CL, Rosen G, Ward SL, Halbower AC, Sterni L, Lutz J, Stading PJ, Bolduc D, Gordon N. Adherence to and effectiveness of positive airway pressure therapy in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e442–51. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1634.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Hawkins SM, Jensen EL, Simon SL, Friedman NR. Correlates of pediatric CPAP adherence. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12:879–84. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.5892.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Ramirez A, Khirani S, Aloui S, Delord V, Borel JC, Pépin JL, Fauroux B. Continuous positive airway pressure and noninvasive ventilation adherence in children. Sleep Med. 2013;14:1290–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2013.06.020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Uong EC, Epperson M, Bathon SA, Jeffe DB. Adherence to nasal positive airway pressure therapy among school-aged children and adolescents with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics. 2007;120:e1203–11. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2731.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Kang EK, Xanthopoulos MS, Kim JY, Arevalo C, Shults J, Beck SE, Marcus CL, Tapia IE. Adherence to positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children with developmental disabilities. J Clin Sleep Med. 2019;15:915–21. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.7850.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Camacho M, Chang ET, Song SA, Abdullatif J, Zaghi S, Pirelli P, Certal V, Guilleminault C. Rapid maxillary expansion for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:1712–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.26352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Carvalho FR, Lentini-Oliveira DA, Prado LB, Prado GF, Carvalho LBC. Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;10:CD005520. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005520.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Eastwood PR, Barnes M, Walsh JH, Maddison KJ, Hee G, Schwartz AR, Smith PL, Malhotra A, McEvoy RD, Wheatley JR, O’Donoghue FJ, Rochford PD, Churchward T, Campbell MC, Palme CE, Robinson S, Goding GS, Eckert DJ, Jordan AS, Catcheside PG, Tyler L, Antic NA, Worsnop CJ, Kezirian EJ, Hillman DR. Treating obstructive sleep apnea with hypoglossal nerve stimulation. Sleep. 2011;34:1479–86. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.1380.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Certal VF, Zaghi S, Riaz M, Vieira AS, Pinheiro CT, Kushida C, Capasso R, Camacho M. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2015;125:1254–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.25032.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Caloway CL, Diercks GR, Keamy D, de Guzman V, Soose R, Raol N, Shott SR, Ishman SL, Hartnick CJ. Update on hypoglossal nerve stimulation in children with down syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea. Laryngoscope. 2020;130:E263–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.28138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Hawkins S, Huston S, Campbell K, Halbower A. High-flow, heated, humidified air via nasal cannula treats CPAP-intolerant children with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13:981–9. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6700.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Joseph L, Goldberg S, Shitrit M, Picard E. High-flow nasal cannula therapy for obstructive sleep apnea in children. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11:1007–10. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.5014.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Amaddeo A, Khirani S, Frapin A, Teng T, Griffon L, Fauroux B. High-flow nasal cannula for children not compliant with continuous positive airway pressure. Sleep Med. 2019;63:24–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2019.05.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Rizzi CJ, Amin JD, Isaiah A, Valdez TA, Jeyakumar A, Smart SE, Pereira KD. Tracheostomy for severe pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: indications and outcomes. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;157:309–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599817702369.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Istanbul, Turkey

    Nilay Baş Ikizoglu

  2. Marmara University Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Istanbul, Turkey

    Ela Erdem Eralp

  3. University of Ottawa Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Division of Respirology, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Refika Ersu

Authors
  1. Nilay Baş Ikizoglu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ela Erdem Eralp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Refika Ersu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Türkiye

    Cemal Cingi

  2. Department of Pulmonology, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Türkiye

    Arzu Yorgancıoğlu

  3. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Türkiye

    Nuray Bayar Muluk

  4. Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine and ProAR Foundation, Salvador - Bahia, Brazil

    Alvaro A. Cruz

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ikizoglu, N.B., Eralp, E.E., Ersu, R. (2023). Pediatric Sleep Apnea. In: Cingi, C., Yorgancıoğlu, A., Bayar Muluk, N., Cruz, A.A. (eds) Airway diseases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22483-6_127-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22483-6_127-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-22482-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-22483-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation