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Gallstones in Intestinal Failure

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Intestinal Failure

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Abstract

Gallstones occur in 10–15% of the Western population and of these only a quarter will develop symptoms from their presence. In contrast, gallstones in patients with intestinal failure (IF) and receiving parenteral support develop in 38% at 20 years and 76% of these patients develop symptoms. The most common type of gallstone in this group is composed predominantly of calcium bilirubinate and is often calcified (so can be easily visualized on a plain abdominal radiograph). They arise mostly from biliary sludge which forms when the gallbladder does not empty (sluggish or non-contractile) partly due prolonged decreased cholecystokinin secretion. This may occur due to a poor oral intake as occurs with fasting/starvation, surgery and medications (anticholinergics, opioids and octreotide). A further contribution is from supersaturation of bile with calcium bilirubinate and/or cholesterol. This is exacerbated by an ileal resection or the parenteral nutrition mixture (increased energy content and/or lipid content). The development of biliary sludge/gallstones may be prevented by changing bile composition and stimulating regular gallbladder contraction. If gallstones do develop, an en-passent cholecystectomy should be performed even when the are asymptomatic when another abdominal procedure is being performed, if this is feasible without added morbidity. Prophylactic cholecystectomy or sphincterotomy in patients without gallstones is not recommended in IF.

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  1. St Mark’s Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK

    Jeremy M. D. Nightingale

  2. Head of Section of IBD and Intestinal Failure Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet at Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

    Mattias Soop

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Nightingale, J.M.D., Soop, M. (2023). Gallstones in Intestinal Failure. In: Nightingale, J.M. (eds) Intestinal Failure. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22265-8_26

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22265-8_26

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