Abstract
The gene’s-eye view of evolution is an prominent but controversial perspective on biology. It emerged in the aftermath of the Modern Synthesis and both proponents and detractors have stressed the link between the two. In particular, both the Modern Synthesis and the gene’s-eye view have been criticized for overemphasizing the role of genes at the expense of organisms in evolutionary explanations. In this chapter, I discuss the connection between the Modern Synthesis and the gene’s-eye view and evaluate the status of genes and organisms in contemporary biology. I show that while the gene’s-eye view traces its origin back to the Modern Synthesis, it can most accurately be said to represent a specific—adaptationist and gene-centric—version of it. To assess the role of genes and organisms, I examine the intimate relationship between the gene’s-eye view and another post-Synthesis development, the concept of inclusive fitness. I argue that the popularity and influence of inclusive fitness theory demonstrate that the individual organism remains safe at the heart of modern evolutionary biology.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ågren JA (2014) Evolutionary transitions in individuality: insights from transposable elements. Trends Ecol Evol 29:90–96
Ågren JA (2016a) Selfish genetic elements and the gene’s-eye view of evolution. Curr Zool 62:659–665
Ågren JA (2016b) The social life of the genome. Trends Ecol Evol 31:494–495
Ågren JA (2021a) The gene’s-eye view of evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Ågren JA (2021b) Sewall Wright’s criticism of the gene’s-eye view of evolution. Evolution 75:2326–2334
Barash DP (1980) Evolutionary aspects of the family. In: Hofling CK, Lewis JM (eds) The family: evaluation and treatment. Brunner-Mazel, New York, pp 185–222
Bateson P (2005) The return of the whole organism. J Biosci 30:31–39
Boomsma JJ (2016) Fifty years of illumination about the natural levels of adaptation. Curr Biol 26:R1250–R1255
Borello ME (2010) Evolutionary restraints: the contentious history of group selection. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Cronin H (1991) The ant and the peacock: altruism and sexual selection from Darwin to today. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Cronin H (2005) Adaptation: “A critique of some current evolutionary thought”. Q Rev Biol 80:19–26
Dawkins R (1976) The selfish gene. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Dawkins R (1978) Replicator selection and the extended phenotype. Z Tierpsychol 47:61–76
Dawkins R (1982) The extended phenotype: the gene as the unit of selection. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Dawkins R (1986) The blind watchmaker. Longman Scientific and Technical, London
Dawkins R (1998) Universal Darwinism. In: Hull D, Ruse M (eds) The philosophy of biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 15–37
Dawkins R (2013) An appetite for wonder: the making of a scientist. Bantam Press, Ealing
Dawkins R (2015a) Brief candle in the dark: my life in science. Random House, New York
Dawkins R (2015b) Evolvability. In: Brockman J (ed) Life. Harper Perennial, New York, pp 1–15
Dickins TE (2021) The modern synthesis: evolution and the organization of information. Springer, Cham
Edwards AWF (2014) R.A. Fisher’s gene-centred view of evolution and the fundamental theorem of natural selection. Biol Rev 89:135–147
Fisher RA (1918) The correlation between relatives on the supposition of mendelian inheritance. Trans Roy Soc Edinb 52:399–433
Gardner A (2009) Adaptation as organism design. Biol Lett 5:861–864
Gardner A, Grafen A (2009) Capturing the superorganism: a formal theory of group adaptation. J Evol Biol 22:659–671
Gardner A, Úbeda F (2017) The meaning of intragenomic conflict. Nat Ecol Evol 1:1807–1815
Gardner A, Welch JJ (2011) A formal theory of the selfish gene. J Evol Biol 24:1801–1813
Godfrey-Smith P (2009) Darwinian populations and natural selection. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Gould SJ (1983) The hardening of the modern synthesis. In: Grene M (ed) Dimensions of Darwinism; themes and counterthemes in twentieth-century evolutionary biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 71–93
Grafen A (2006) Optimization of inclusive fitness. J Theor Biol 238:541–563
Grafen A (2014a) The formal Darwinism project in outline. Biol Philos 29:155–174
Grafen A (2014b) The formal Darwinism project in outline: response to commentaries. Biol Philos 29:281–292
Griffiths P, Stotz K (2013) Genetics and philosophy: an introduction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Haig D (2006) Intragenomic politics. Cytogenet Genome Res 113:68–74
Haig D (2014) Genetic dissent and individual compromise. Biol Philos 29:233–239
Haldane JBS (1964) A defense of beanbag genetics. Perspect Biol Med 7:343–360
Hamilton WD (1963) The evolution of altruistic behavior. Am Nat 97:354–356
Hamilton WD (1964) The genetical evolution of social behaviour I and II. J Theoret Biol 7:1–52
Hamilton WD (1967) Extraordinary sex ratios. Science 156:477–488
Hamilton WD (1972) Altruism and related phenomena, mainly in social insects. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 3:193–232
Hull DL (1980) Individuality and selection. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 11:311–332
Hull DL (1981) Units of evolution: a metaphysical essay. In: Jensen UJ, Harré R (eds) The philosophy of evolution. The Harvester Press, Brighton, pp 23–44
Huneman P (2010) Assessing the prospects for a return of organisms in evolutionary biology. Hist Philos Life Sci 32:341–372
Huneman P (2014a) A pluralistic framework to address challenges to the modern synthesis in evolutionary theory. Biol Theory 9:163–177
Huneman P (2014b) Formal Darwinism as a tool for understanding the status of organisms in evolutionary biology. Biol Philos 9:271–279
Huneman P (2017) Why would we call for a new evolutionary synthesis? The variation issue and the explanatory alternatives. In: Huneman P, Walsh DM (eds) Challenging the modern synthesis: adaptation, development, and inheritance. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 68–110
Huneman P, Walsh DM (2017) Challenging the modern synthesis: adaptation, development, and inheritance. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Huxley J (1942/2009) Evolution: the modern synthesis. MIT Press, Cambridge
Kampourakis K (2017) Making sense of genes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Kohn M (2004) A reason for everything: natural selection and the British imagination. Faber and Faber, London
Krebs JR, Davies NB (1993) An introduction to behavioural ecology, 3rd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford
Laland K, Uller T, Feldman M et al (2014) Does evolutionary theory need a rethink? Nature 514:161–164
Laland KN, Uller T, Feldman MW et al (2015) The extended evolutionary synthesis: its structure, assumptions and predictions. Proc Royal Soc B 282:20151019
Levin SR, Grafen A (2019) Inclusive fitness is an indispensable approximation for understanding organismal design. Evolution 73:1066–1076
Lewens T (2019) Neo-Paleyan biology. Stud Hist Phil Biol Biomed Sci 76:101185
Lewontin RC (1970) The units of selection. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 1:1–18
Lloyd EA (2017) Units and levels of selection. In: Zalta EN (ed) The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/selection- units/. Accessed 9 Feb 2022
Lu Q, Bourrat P (2018) The evolutionary gene and the extended evolutionary synthesis. Br J Philos Sci 69:775–800
Maynard Smith J (1969) The status of neo-darwinism. In: Waddington CH (ed) Sketching theoretical biology. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp 82–89
Maynard Smith J (1985) The birth of sociobiology. New Sci 26 September:48–50
Maynard Smith J (1997) Interview by Richard Dawkins. In: Web of Stories. https://www.webofstories.com/play/john.maynard.smith/40. Accessed 4 Feb 2022
Maynard Smith J (2002) Commentary on Kerr and Godfrey-Smith. Biol Philos 17:523–527
Maynard Smith J, Price G (1973) The logic of animal conflict. Nature 246:15–18
Mayr E (1959) Where are we? Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant 24:1–14
Mayr E (1999) What evolution is. Edge https://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/mayr/mayr_index.html. Accessed 1 Feb 2022
Mayr E, Provine WB (1980) The evolutionary synthesis: perspectives on the unification of biology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
McGrath AE (2011) Darwinism and the divine: evolutionary thought and natural theology. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford
Noble D (2011) Neo-Darwinism, the modern synthesis and selfish genes: are they of use in physiology? J Physiol 589:1007–1015
Okasha S (2008) Fisher’s fundamental theorem of natural selection—a philosophical analysis. Br J Philos Sci 59:319–351
Okasha S (2018) Agents and goals in evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Paley W (1802/2008) Natural theology or, evidences of the existence and attributes of the deity, collected from the appearances of nature. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Pigliucci M, Müller G (2010) Evolution, the extended synthesis. MIT Press, Cambridge
Provine WB (1971) The origins of theoretical population genetics. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Sarkar S (1994) The additivity of variance and the selection of alleles. In: Hull D, Forbes M, Burian R (eds) PSA 1994, vol 1. Philosophy of Science Association, East Lansing, pp 3–12
Smocovitis VB (1996) Unifying biology: the evolutionary synthesis and evolutionary biology. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Sober E, Wilson DS (1998) Unto others: the evolution and psychology of unselfish behavior. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Sober E, Wilson DS (2011) Adaptation and natural selection revisited. J Evol Biol 24:462–468
Trivers RL (1971) The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Q Rev Biol 46:35–57
Turner JRG (1985) Random genetic drift, R.A. Fisher, and the Oxford school of ecological genetics. In: Krüger L, Gigerenzer G, Morgan MS (eds) The probabilistic revolution, vol 2. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 313–354
Uller T, Helanterä H (2017) Heredity and evolutionary theory. In: Huneman P, Walsh DM (eds) Challenging the modern synthesis: adaptation, development, and inheritance. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 280–316
Wade MJ (1977) The selfish gene. Evolution 32:220–221
Walsh D (2006) Organisms as natural purposes: the contemporary evolutionary perspective. Stud Hist Phil Biol Biomed Sci 37:771–791
Walsh DM (2015) Organisms, agency, and evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
West SA, Gardner A (2013) Adaptation and inclusive fitness. Curr Biol 22:R577–R584
West-Eberhard MJ (2003) Developmental plasticity and evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Williams GC (1966) Adaptation and natural selection: a critique of some current evolutionary thought. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Williams GC (1985) A defense of reductionism in evolutionary biology. In: Dawkins R, Ridley M (eds) Oxford surveys in evolutionary biology, vol 2. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 1–27
Williams GC (1992) Natural selection: domains, levels, and challenges. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Williams GC (1996) A package of information. In: Brockman J (ed) The third culture: beyond the scientific revolution. Simon and Schuster, New York, pp 38–50
Williams GC (1997) The pony Fish’s glow: and other clues to plan and purpose in nature. Basic Books, New York
Wilson DS (2015) Does altruism exist? Culture, genes, and the welfare of others. Yale University Press, New Haven
Wright S (1931) Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics 16:97–159
Wright S (1980) Genic and organismic selection. Evolution 34:825–843
Acknowledgments
I thank Tom Dickins for the invitation to contribute to this volume and for comments on an earlier draft. This work was supported by a grant from Wenner-Gren Stiftelserna/The Wenner-Gren Foundations (WGF2018-0083).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ågren, J.A. (2023). Genes and Organisms in the Legacy of the Modern Synthesis. In: Dickins, T.E., Dickins, B.J. (eds) Evolutionary Biology: Contemporary and Historical Reflections Upon Core Theory. Evolutionary Biology – New Perspectives on Its Development, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22028-9_35
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22028-9_35
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-22027-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-22028-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)