Abstract
The addition of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) to alkali-activated blast furnace slag (BFS), specifically when sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is used as an activator, allows to reduce the amount of hydroxide necessary to achieve desirable mechanical properties. This kind of activation is suitable for BFS that does not require very high pH to promote its hydration. However, it might fall short in case of hybrid binders such as mix of BFS and fly ash (FA). The objective of this study is to elucidate whether the co-activation with Na2SO4 and NaOH of these blended mixes leads to advantages compared to just NaOH. The effectiveness of such activation on blended systems is evaluated by means of isothermal calorimetry, products assemblage and compressive strength. The FA replacement significantly affects the induction period length, especially when low NaOH concentration is used, leading to poor early age properties. Nevertheless, the obtained results show that, at later ages, it is still possible to obtain mechanical properties suitable for practical application.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Habert, G., D’Espinose De Lacaillerie, J.B., Roussel, N.: An environmental evaluation of geopolymer based concrete production: reviewing current research trends. J. Clean. Prod. 19, 1229–1238 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.03.012
Turner, L.K., Collins, F.G.: Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) emissions: a comparison between geopolymer and OPC cement concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 43, 125–130 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.023
Ouellet-Plamondon, C., Habert, G.: Life cycle assessment (LCA) of alkali-activated cements and concretes. Woodhead Publishing Limited (2015). https://doi.org/10.1533/9781782422884.5.663
Bernal, S.A.: Advances in nearneutral salts activation of blast furnace slags. RILEM Tech. Lett. 1, 3944 (2016)
Mobasher, N., Bernal, S.A., Provis, J.L.: Structural evolution of an alkali sulfate activated slag cement. J. Nucl. Mater. 468, 97–104 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.11.016
Provis, J.L., van Deventer, J.S.J.: Alkali Activated Materials: State-of-the-Art Report, RILEM TC 2. RILEM/Springer (2014)
Tan, H., et al.: Compressive strength and hydration process of wet-grinded granulated blast-furnace slag activated by sodium sulfate and sodium carbonate. Cem. Concr. Compos. 97, 387–398 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.01.012
Rashad, A.M., Bai, Y., Basheer, P.A.M., Milestone, N.B., Collier, N.C.: Hydration and properties of sodium sulfate activated slag. Cem. Concr. Compos. 37, 20–29 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.12.010
Mutti, M., Joseph, S., Cizer, Ö.: Sodium sulfate and sodium hydroxide co-activation of blast furnace slag. In: 74th RILEM Annual WEEK 40TH Cement and Concrete Science Conference (2020)
Zhang, J., Tan, H., Bao, M., Liu, X., Luo, Z., Wang, P.: Low carbon cementitious materials: sodium sulfate activated ultra-fine slag/fly ash blends at ambient temperature. J. Clean. Prod. 280 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124363
Deschner, F., et al.: Hydration of Portland cement with high replacement by siliceous fly ash. Cem. Concr. Res. 42, 1389–1400 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.06.009
Khale, D., Chaudhary, R.: Mechanism of geopolymerization and factors influencing its development: a review. J. Mater. Sci. 42(3), 729–746 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0401-4
Li, G., Le Bescop, P., Moranville-Regourd, M.: Synthesis of the U phase (4CaO . 0.9Al2O3 . 1.1SO3 . 0.5Na2O . 16H2O), Cem. Concr. Res. 27:7–13 (1997)
Gruskovnjak, A., Lothenbach, B., Holzer, L., Figi, R., Winnefeld, F.: Hydration of alkali-activated slag: comparison with ordinary Portland cement. EMPA Act 34 (2006)
Wang, S.D., Scrivener, K.L.: 29Si and 27Al NMR study of alkali-activated slag. Cem. Concr. Res. 33, 769–774 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)01044-X
Schneider, J., Cincotto, M.A., Panepucci, H.: 29Si and 27Al high-resolution NMR characterization of calcium silicate hydrate phases in activated blast-furnace slag pastes. Cem. Concr. Res. 31, 993–1001 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00530-0
Tambara, L.U.D., Cheriaf, M., Rocha, J.C., Palomo, A., Fernández-Jiménez, A.: Effect of alkalis content on calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement hydration. Cem. Concr. Res. 128, 105953 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105953
Dosch, W., Zur Strassen, H.: An alkali-containing calcium aluminate sulfate hydrate. Zement-Kalk-Gips 20, 392–401 (n.d.)
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the EOS-programme (The Excellence of Science) through research project 30439691.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Mutti, M., Joseph, S., Cizer, Ö. (2023). Co-activation of Blended Blast Furnace Slag and Fly Ash with Sodium Sulfate and Hydroxide. In: Escalante-Garcia, J.I., Castro Borges, P., Duran-Herrera, A. (eds) Proceedings of the 75th RILEM Annual Week 2021. RW 2021. RILEM Bookseries, vol 40. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21735-7_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21735-7_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-21734-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-21735-7
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)