Abstract
Surface-plasma sources (SPS) deliver intense and bright negative ion (NI) beams for accelerators and fusion plasma neutral beam heating systems. High efficiency of SPS is achieved by the proper combination of plasma and electrode surfaces in gas discharge devices optimized for NI production, transport, and extraction. Plasma provides an intense bombardment of discharge electrodes by “primary” energetic particles: hyperthermal atoms and positive ions. The near-electrode potential sheath of gas discharge pre-accelerates the primary positive ions to the NI production electrode and extracts the produced NI flux back to the plasma—where NIs are transported to the extraction apertures. The self-adjusting thickness of the gas discharge near-electrode potential sheath permits pre-acceleration of the primary positive ion flux and the secondary NI flux without a space-charge limit. The decrease of electrode work function by the deposition of alkali metal additives increases the NI surface production on the gas discharge electrodes. The persistent alkali metal coverage of gas discharge electrodes leads to the long-term highly efficient NI production of SPS. The principal mechanisms of intense surface-plasma NI production in the SPS are interrelated. The dynamic plasma particle bombardment modifies the electrode surface synergistically and the resulting surface condition determines the NI emission from the electrode in an SPS. The efficiency of negative ion production on the gas-discharge cathode and anode surfaces, as well as on the surfaces of NI emitters in plasma separated from the discharge circuit, is discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
J.G. Alessi, AIP Conf. Proc. 642, 279 (2002)
J.G. Alessi, T. Sluyters, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1630 (1980)
J.G. Alessi, A. Hershcovitch, T. Sluyters, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 55, 8 (1984)
J.G. Alessi, J.M. Brennan, A. Kponou, K. Prelec, Conf. Proc. C 870316, 304 (PAC 1987)
P.W. Allison, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-24, 1594 (1977)
V.V. Antsiferov, V. Beskorovaynyy, A. Maximov, et al., AIP Conf. Proc 210, 427 (1990)
A.N. Apolonskii, Y.I. Belchenko, G.I. Dimov, V.G. Dudnikov, Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 6, 38 (1980) – in Russian
M. Bacal, M. Wada, Appl. Phys. Rev. 2, 021305 (2015)
D.H. Baker, R.L. Champion, L.D. Doverspike, Y. Wang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 1880 (1994)
A.A. Bashkeev, V.G. Dudnikov, AIP Conf. Proc. 210, 329 (1990)
Y.I. Belchenko, Sov. J. Plasma Phys. 9, 703 (1983)
Y.I. Belchenko, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64, 1385 (1993)
Y.I. Belchenko, V.I. Davydenko, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 03B702 (2006)
Y.I. Belchenko, G.I. Dimov, AIP Conf. Proc. 111, 363–375 (1984a)
Y.I. Belchenko, G.I. Dimov, Probl. Atomic Sci. Techn., ser. Thermonucl. Fusion 1(14), 42–47 (1984b) –in russian
Y.I. Belchenko, V.G. Dudnikov, Proceedings of the 3rd All-Union Seminar on Interaction of atomic particles with solids. Kharkov, 1975. vol. 3, pp. 180–183 (1976) –in russian
Y.I. Belchenko, V.G. Dudnikov, Preprint IYaF 78-95. Novosibirsk (1978) - in russian
Y.I. Belchenko, V.G. Dudnikov, J. Phys. Coloq. 40(C7), 507 (1979)
Y.I. Belchenko, V.G. Dudnikov, Proc. XV Int. Conf. on phenomena in ionized gases, Minsk, 1981. Part II, p. 883 (1981)
Y.I. Belchenko, A.S. Kupriyanov, Revue Phys. Appl. 23, 1889 (1988)
Y.I. Belchenko, A.S. Kupriyanov, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 61, 484 (1990)
Y.I. Belchenko, A.S. Kupriyanov, AIP Conf. Proc. 287, 255 (1992)
Y.I. Belchenko, A.S. Kupriyanov, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65, 417 (1994a)
Y.I. Belchenko, A.S. Kupriyanov, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65, 1179 (1994b)
Y.I. Belchenko, V.Y. Savkin, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 1704 (2004)
Y.I. Belchenko, G.I. Dimov, V.G. Dudnikov, A.A. Ivanov, Doklady AN SSSR 213, 1283 (1973a) - in russian. Soviet. Phys. Doklady 18, 814 (1974)
Y.I. Belchenko, G.I. Dimov, V.G. Dudnikov, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya 37, #12, 2573 (1973b) - in russian. Columbia Technical Translation - Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR 37, #12, 91 (1973)
Y. Belchenko, G.I. Dimov, V.G. Dudnikov, Nucl. Fusion 14, 113 (1974a)
Y.I. Belchenko, G.I. Dimov, V.G. Dudnikov, Proceedings of the second symposium on ion sources and formation of ion beams, Berkeley, 22 Oct 1974; preprint LBL—3399 (suppl.), p. VIII.1.1 (1974b)
Y.I. Belchenko, G.I. Dimov, V.G. Dudnikov, Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, 43, 1720-1725 (1973) –in russian. Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 18(8), 1083 (1974c)
Y.I. Belchenko, G.I. Dimov, V.G. Dudnikov, Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 20(1), 40 (1975), also Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki 45, 68–73 (1975) –in russian
Y.I. Belchenko, G.I. Dimov, V.G. Dudnikov, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Production and Neutralization of Negative Hydrogen Ions and Beams, BNL--50727, New York (1977a)
Y.I. Belchenko, V. Davydenko, G. Derevyankin, et al., Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 3, 282 (1977b)
Y.I. Belchenko, V. Davydenko, G. Derevyankin, et al., Preprint BINP 77-18, Novosibirsk -in russian (1977c)
Y.I. Belchenko, C. Jacquot, J. Pamela, D. Riz, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67(3), 1033 (1996)
Y.I. Belchenko, Y. Oka, O. Kaneko, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 741 (2000)
Y.I. Belchenko, I. Gusev, A. Khilchenko, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 1 (2006)
Y.I. Belchenko, A.I. Gorbovsky, A.A. Ivanov, et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 1515, 448 (2013a)
Y.I. Belchenko, A.I. Gorbovsky, A.A. Ivanov, et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 1515, 167 (2013b)
Y.I. Belchenko, A. Gorbovsky, A. Sanin, V. Savkin, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 02B108 (2014)
Y.I. Belchenko, A.A. Ivanov, S.G. Konstantinov, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 02B133 (2016a)
Y.I. Belchenko, G. Abdrashitov, P. Deichuli, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 02B316 (2016b)
Y.I. Belchenko, A.A. Ivanov, A. Sanin, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 02B119 (2016c)
Y.I. Belchenko, V.I. Davydenko, P.P. Deichuli, et al., Phys. Usp. 61, 531–581 (2018a)
Y.I. Belchenko, A.A. Ivanov, A.L. Sanin, O.Z. Sotnikov, AIP Conf. Proc. 2052, 030006 (2018b)
A.S. Belov, O.T. Frolov, V.S. Klenov, V.P. Yakushev, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63, 2622 (1992)
Е.D. Bender, M. Kishinevsky, I.I. Morozov, Proc. of Int. Symposium on Production and Neutralization of Negative Hydrogen Ions and Beams, Brookhaven. Preprint BNL 50727, 60 (1977)
T.W. Debiak, S. Melnychuk, G. Gammel, et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 287, 375 (1992)
G.E. Derevyankin, V.G. Dudnikov, AIP Conf. Proc. 111, 376 (1984)
G.I. Dimov, G.E. Derevyankin, V.G. Dudnikov, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-24, No. 3, 1545 (1977)
V.G. Dudnikov, Proc. of the 4th All-Union Conf. on Charged Particle Accelerators, Moscow (1974) –in russian
K.W. Ehlers, K.N. Leung, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 721 (1980)
M.-L. Ernst-Vidalis, C. Papageorgopoulos, U. Stawinski, E. Bauer, Phys. Rev. B 45, 1793 (1992)
D.C. Faircloth, S. Lawrie, N. J. Phys. 20, 025007 (2018)
D.C. Faircloth, J.W.G. Thomason, Proceedings of EPAC 2006, Edinburgh, Scotland, p. 1708 (2006)
D.C. Faircloth, A. Letchford, J. Pozimski, et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 925, 71 (2007)
P. Franzen, H.D. Falter, U. Fantz, et al., Nucl. Fusion 47, 264 (2007)
M. Fröschle, R. Riedl, H. Falter, et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 84, 788 (2009)
J.J.C. Geerlings, P.W. van Amersfoort, L.F. Kwakman, et al., Surf. Sci. 157, 151 (1985)
W.G. Graham, Phys. Lett. 73A, 186 (1979)
J. Greer, М. Seidl, AIP Conf. Proc. 111, 220 (1984)
M. Hanada, T. Inoue, H. Kojima, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 61, 499 (1990)
J. Hiskes, J. Appl. Phys. 47, 3888 (1976)
J. Hiskes, J. Phys. (Paris) 40, c7–c179 (1979)
J. Hiskes, P.J. Schneider, Phys. Rev B23, 949 (1981)
A.J.T. Holmes, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 34, 653 (1992)
Z.D. Hurych, P. Soukiassian, M.H. Bakshi, et al., Phys. Rev. B 38, 8002 (1988)
J.D. Isenberg, H.J. Kwon, M. Seidl, AIP Conf. Proc. 287, 38 (1992)
A.A. Ivanov, G. Abdrashitov, V. Anashin, et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 1515, 197 (2013)
M. Kashiwagi, T. Morishita, Y. Okumura, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73, 964 (2002)
H.M. Katsch, K. Wiesemann, AIP Conf. Proc. 111, 254 (1984)
R. Keller, D. Cheng, R. DiGennaro, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73, 914 (2002)
M.E. Kishinevskii, Zhurnal Tekhn. Fiziki, 45, 1281 (1975) - in Russian; translated in Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 20, 799 (1975)
T. Kuo, D. Yuan, K. Jayamanna, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 1314 (1996)
Kuo T., R. Baartman, G. Dutto et al., Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications, Caen, France, p. 381 (1998)
B.S. Lee, M. Seidl, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 2857 (1992)
M.A. Leitner, R.A. Gough, K.N. Leung, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 962 (1998)
K.N. Leung, M. Bacal, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 55, 338 (1984)
K.N. Leung, K.W. Ehlers, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 53, 803 (1982)
K.N. Leung, K.W. Ehlers, M. Bacal, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 54, 56 (1983)
K.N. Leung, G. DeVries, W. DiVergilio, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 100 (1991)
K.N. Leung, D.A. Bachman, D. McDonald, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64, 970 (1993)
J.L. Lopes, J.A. Greer, M. Seidl, J. Appl. Phys. 60, 17 (1986)
S.T. Melnychuk, M. Seidl, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A9, 1650 (1991)
N. Miyamoto, Y. Fujiwara, K. Miyamoto, Y. Okumura, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 738 (2000)
D.P. Moehs, Studies on a magnetron source. AIP Conf. Proc. 639, 115 (2002)
D.P. Moehs, J. Peters, J. Sherman, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 33(6), 1786 (2002)
T. Morishita, M. Kashiwagi, M. Hanada, Y. Okumura, et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40, 4709 (2001)
Y. Oka, Y. Takeiri, Y. Belchenko, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 1379 (2000)
Y. Okumura, M. Hanada, T. Inoue, et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 210, 169 (1990)
T. Okuyama, Y. Mori, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63, 2711 (1992)
C.A. Papageorgopoulos, J.M. Chen, Surf. Sci. 39, 283–312 (1973)
C.A. Pargellis, M. Seidl, Phys. Rev. B 25, 4356 (1982)
J. Peters, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65, 1237 (1994)
J. Peters, Proceedings of 19th International Conference, Linac’98, Chicago, USA, August 23–28, 1998, p. 1031 (1998)
J. Peters, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 1069 (2000)
J. Peters, AIP Conf. Proc. 1097, 236 (2009)
B. Piosczyk, G. Dammertz, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 57, 840 (1986)
K. Prelec, T. Sluyters, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-22, 1662 (1975)
B. Rasser, J.N.M. van Wunnik, J.H. Los, Surf. Sci. 118, 697–710 (1982)
K. Saadatmand, G. Arbique, J. Hebert, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 3438 (1995)
K. Saadatmand, G. Arbique, J. Hebert, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 1318 (1996)
C.W. Schmidt, Proceedings of LINAC90, Albuquerque, New Mexico, September 10–14, 1990, 259–263 (1990)
C.W. Schmidt, C.D. Curtis, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-26, 4120 (1979)
Р.J. Schneider, K.H. Berkner, W.G. Graham, et al., Phys. Rev. В 23, 941 (1981)
D. Schrage, L. Young, B. Campbell, et al., Nucl. Inst. Methods Phys. Res. B 40, 949 (1989)
M. Seidl, A. Pargellis, Phys. Rev. B 26, 1 (1982)
M. Seidl, W.E. Carr, J.L. Lopes, et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 158, 432 (1987)
M. Seidl, S.T. Melnychuk, S.W. Lee, W.E. Carr, AIP Conf. Proc. 210, 30 (1990)
M. Seidl, H.L. Cui, J.D. Isenberg, et al., J. Appl. Phys. 79, 2896 (1996)
G. Serianni, P. Agostinetti, V. Antoni, et al., Plasma Fusion Res. 11, 2402119 (2016)
J.D. Sherman, N.V. Smith, C. Geisik, P. Allison, Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference, 1991, 4, 2080 (1991)
R. Sidlow, N.D. West, Proc. EPAC 92, 1005 (1992)
H.V. Smith, P. Allison, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-26, 4006 (1979)
H.V. Smith, P. Allison, R. Keller, AIP Conf. Proc. 158, 181 (1987)
H.V. Smith, P. Allison, E.J. Pitcher, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 61, 424 (1990)
V.H. Smith Jr., P. Allison, J.D. Schneider, K. Saadatmand, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2307 (1991)
M.P. Stockli, arXiv:1404.0943 [physics.acc-ph] (2012)
M.P. Stockli, B. Han, S.N. Murray, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 02B140 (2016)
E. Taglauer, Chapter in Nucl. Fusion, Special issue “Data Compendium for Plasma-Surface Interaction,” p. 117 (1984)
A. Takagi, Y. Mori, K. Ikegami, S. Fukumoto, IEEE Trans Nucl. Sci. NS-32, No. 5, 1782 (1985)
Y. Takeiri, O. Kaneko, K. Tsumori, Y. Oka, et al., Nucl. Fusion 46, 199 (2006)
R. Thomae, R. Gough, R. Keller, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 1213 (2000)
G.S. Tompa, W.E. Carr, M. Seidl, Appl. Phys. Lett. 48, 1048 (1986)
A. Ueno, Y. Namekawa, S. Yamazaki, et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 1515, 331 (2013)
P.W. van Amersfoort, J.J.C. Geerlings, L.F.T. Kwakman, et al., J. Appl. Phys. 58, 3566 (1985)
P.W. van Amersfoort, J.J.C. Geerlings, R. Rodink, et al., J. Appl. Phys. 59, 241 (1986)
C.F.A. van Os, P.W. van Amersfoort, Appl. Phys. Lett. 50, 662 (1987)
J.N.M. van Wunnik, J.J.C. Geerlings, E.H.A. Granneman, J.H. Los, Surf. Sci. 131, 17–33 (1983)
M. Wada, Thin Solid Films 316, 128 (1998)
M. Wada, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 89, 052103 (2018)
M. Wada, K.H. Berkner, R.V. Pyle, J.W. Steams, J. Vac. Sci.Technol. A 1, 981 (1983)
M. Wada, R.V. Pyle, J.W. Steams, J. Appl. Phys. 67, 6334 (1990)
R. Waltner, K.N. Leung, W.B. Kunkel, J. Appl. Phys. 64, 3424 (1988)
A. Wengrow, M. Leitner, K.N. Leung, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 989 (1998)
C. Wimmer, U. Fantz, AIP Conf. Proc. 1655, 040004 (2015)
D. Wünderlich, C. Wimmer, R. Riedl, et al., Nucl. Fusion 61, 096023 (2021)
R.L. York, R.R. Stevens Jr., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 30, 2705 (1983)
M. Yoshida, M. Hanada, A. Kojima, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 02B144 (2016)
M.L. Yu, Proceedings of the symposium on production and neutralization of negative hydrogen ions and beams, Upton, New York, BNL-50727, p. 48 (1977)
M.L. Yu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 574 (1978)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Belchenko, Y.I., Wada, M. (2023). Physics of Surface-Plasma H− Ion Sources. In: Bacal, M. (eds) Physics and Applications of Hydrogen Negative Ion Sources. Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics, vol 124. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21476-9_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21476-9_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-21475-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-21476-9
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)