Skip to main content
  • 342 Accesses

Abstract

Detention in police custody of people displaying signs of mental ill-health, in particular those detained under Section 135 (s135) or Section 136 (s136) of the Mental Health Act, 1983, has long been a cause of concern for the police custody officer. Few police stations have custody areas appropriate for such individual needs. This chapter will explore the development of the policing role in relation to supporting individuals in a ‘place of safety’ as compared with supporting other detainees with mental health disorders. It will identify key influences in promoting change in approaches during the second decade of the twenty-first century, in particular legislative amendments, and increased healthcare considerations whilst in custody. Reference will be made to diversion and liaison initiatives being introduced across England and Wales.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. College of Policing. Authorised Professional Practice. Operations: core planning principles. 2018. https://www.college.police.uk/app/operations/operationalplanning/core-planning-principles. Accessed 15 Jan 2023.

  2. Cummins I. A place of safety? Self-harming behaviour in police custody. J Adult Protect. 2008;10(1):36–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Mental Health Act. 1983. Mental Health Act 1983 (legislation.gov.uk). Accessed 20 Dec 2020.

  4. Home Office. Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. (PACE): Code G (2012). 2012. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/903814/pace-code-g-2012.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2022.

  5. Police and Criminal Evidence Act. Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (legislation.gov.uk). 1984. Accessed 20 Dec 2020.

  6. Home Office. Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE): Code C, revised, code of practice for the detention, treatment and questioning of persons by Police Officers. London: TSO; 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Independent Office for Police Conduct. Learning the Lessons: Mental Health 34. 2019. https://www.policeconduct.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Documents/Learningthelessons/34/LearningtheLessons_Issue34_February_2019.pdf. Accessed 6 Jan 2021.

  8. Bradley LK. The Bradley report: Lord Bradley’s review of people with mental health problems or learning disabilities in the criminal justice system. London: Department of Health; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Sirdifield C, Brooker C. Detainees in police custody: results of a health needs assessment in Northumbria, England. Int J Prison Health. 2012;8(2):60–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Victim Support and Mind. At Risk, Yet Dismissed: The criminal victimisation of people with mental health problems. 2013. https://www.mind.org.uk/media-a/4121/at-risk-yet-dismissed-report.pdf. Accessed 3 Dec 2021.

  11. Justice Inspectorates. A criminal use of police cells? The use of police custody as a place of safety for people with mental health needs. 2013. https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/media/a-criminal-use-of-police-cells-20130620.pdf. Accessed 3 Mar 2021.

  12. Mental Health Act. (Places of Safety) Regulations 2017. Available at: The Mental Health Act 1983 (Places of Safety) Regulations 2017 (legislation.gov.uk). 1983. Accessed 20 Dec 2020.

  13. Policing and Crime Act. 2017. Policing and Crime Act 2017 (legislation.gov.uk). Accessed 23 Dec 2020.

  14. Human Rights Act. 1998. Human Rights Act 1998 (legislation.gov.uk). Accessed: 23 Dec 2020.

  15. Kane E, Evans E. Mental health and policing interventions: implementation and impact. Ment Health Rev J. 2018;23(2):86–93. https://doi.org/10.1108/MHRJ-10-2017-0046.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. National Institute on Drug Abuse. ‘Part 1: The Connection Between Substance Use Disorders and Mental Illness’. 2020. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/common-comorbidities-substance-use-disorders/part-1-connection-between-substance-use-disorders-mental-illness. Accessed 28 Jan 2021.

  17. Cummins I. Mental health and custody: a follow on study. J Adult Protect. 2012;14(2):73–81. https://doi.org/10.1108/14668201211217521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. HM Government. Mental Health Crisis Care Concordat: Improving Outcomes for People Experiencing Mental Health Crisis. 2014. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/281242/36353_Mental_Health_Crisis_accessible.pdf. Accessed 5 Jan 2021.

  19. Gibson S, Hamilton S, James K. Evaluation of the crisis care Concordat: Final Report. 2016. https://s16878.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/CCC-Evaluation_Report.pdf. Accessed 30 Dec 2020.

  20. National Police Chiefs’ Council. National Strategy for Police Custody. 2017. https://www.npcc.police.uk/documents/NPCC%20Custody%20Strategy.pdf. Accessed 24 Dec 2020.

  21. College of Policing. Authorised Professional Practice. Detainee care: diversion and referral. 2020. https://www.college.police.uk/app/detention-andcustody/detainee-care/detainee-care#diversion-and-referral-58. Accessed 15 Jan 2023.

  22. Docking M, Grace K, Bucke T. Police custody as a “Place of Safety”: Examining the Use of Section 136 of the Mental Health Act 1983. 2008. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100908154141/http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/section_136.pdf. Accessed 3 Jan 2021.

  23. Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC). Six Missed Chances. 2017. https://www.policeconduct.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Documents/research-learning/James_Herbert_Six_missed_chances.pdf. Accessed 5 Jan 2021.

  24. Home Office. Police Powers and Procedures, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2017. 2017. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/658099/police-powers-procedures-mar17-hosb2017.pdf. Accessed 20 Dec 2020.

  25. Home Office. Police Powers and Procedures, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2018. 2018. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/751215/police-powers-procedures-mar18-hosb2418.pdf. Accessed 20 Dec 2020.

  26. Home Office. Police powers and procedures, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2019. 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/police-powers-and-procedures-england-and-wales-year-ending-31-march-2019. Accessed 20 Dec 2020.

  27. Home Office. Police Powers and Procedures, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2020. Available at: Police powers and procedures, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2020 second edition - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk). 2020. Accessed 20 Mar 2021.

    Google Scholar 

  28. MS v UK [2012] ECHR 804; 2012. MHLO 46.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Council of Europe. European Convention on Human Rights. Updated Version (2013). 1950. https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_eng.pdf. Accessed 23 Dec 2020.

  30. Sutherland J. Crossing the line: lessons from a life on duty. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson; 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services. Policing and mental health: picking up the pieces. Policing and mental health: picking up the pieces (justiceinspectorates.gov.uk). 2018. Accessed 2 Jan 2021.

  32. Home Office. Guidance for the Implementation of Changes to Police Powers and Places of Safety Provisions in the Mental Health Act, 1983. 2017. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/656025/Guidance_on_Police_Powers.PDF. Accessed 5 Jan 2021.

  33. Hannan M, Hearnden I, Grace K, Bucke T. Deaths in or following Police custody: an examination of the cases 1998/99-2008/09. IPCC Research Series Paper 17. 2010. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20170914190041/http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Documents/research_stats/Deaths_In_Custody_Report_0811.pdf. Accessed 5 Jan 2021.

  34. Independent Office for Police Conduct. Deaths During or Following Police Contact: Statistics for England and Wales, 2020/21. 2021. https://www.policeconduct.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Documents/statistics/deaths_during_following_police_contact_202021.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2021.

  35. Dept of Health. Mental health Act 1983: code of practice. London: TSO. 2015. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/435512/MHA_Code_of_Practice.PDF. Accessed 2 Jan 2021.

  36. College of Policing. Authorised Professional Practice. Mental health detention: relevant definitions. 2020. https://www.college.police.uk/app/mentalhealth/mental-health-detention. Accessed 15 Jan 2023.

  37. Leese M, Russell S. Mental health, vulnerability and risk in police custody. J Adult Protect. 2017;19(5):274–83. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAP-03-2017-0006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Wooff A, Skinns L. The role of emotion, space and place in Police custody in England: towards a geography of Police custody. Punishment Soc. 2018;20(5):562–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474517722176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Skinns L, Wooff A, Sprawson A. Preliminary findings on police custody delivery in the twenty-first century: is it ‘good’ enough? Polic Soc. 2017;27(4):358–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2015.1058377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. College of Policing. Authorised Professional Practice. Detention and custody: detainee care. 2020. https://www.college.police.uk/app/detention-andcustody/detainee-care/detainee-care. Accessed 15 Jan 2023.

  41. HM Government. The Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001. UK Statutory Instruments 2001 No. 3998 Regulation 1. 2001. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2001/3998/regulation/1/made. Accessed 31 Mar 2022.

  42. Dehaghani R. Interrogating vulnerability: reframing the vulnerable suspect in police custody. Soc Leg Stud. 2021;30(2):251–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663920921921.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Dehaghani R. Custody officers, code C and constructing vulnerability: implications for policy and practice. Policing. 2016;11(1):74–86. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paw024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Keay S, Kirby S. Defining vulnerability: from the conceptual to the operational. Policing. 2017;12(4):428–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pax046.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Graef R. Talking blues: the police in their own words. London: Collins Harvill; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Revolving Doors Agency, and Centre for Mental Health. In Ten Years Time. 2019. Available at: http://www.revolving-doors.org.uk/file/2389/download?token=8M0Vf1U. Accessed 1 Mar 2021.

  47. Independent Office for Police Conduct. Learning the lessons: Custody 35. 2019. https://www.policeconduct.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Documents/Learningthelessons/35/LearningtheLessons_Bulletin35_July_2019_single_column.pdf. Accessed 6 Jan 2021.

  48. Adebowale V. Independent Commission on Mental Health and Policing. 2013. https://www.basw.co.uk/resources/independent-commission-mental-health-and-policing-report. Accessed 20 Sept 2020.

  49. Angiolini E. Independent Review of Deaths and Serious Incidents in Police Custody. 2017. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/655401/Report_of_Angiolini_Review_ISBN_Accessible.pdf. Accessed 20 Sept 2020.

  50. National Police Chiefs’ Council. Policing Vision 2025. 2016. https://www.npcc.police.uk/documents/Policing%20Vision.pdf. Accessed 20 Dec 2020.

  51. Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust. ‘Street Triage and Places of Safety’. 2021. https://www.tewv.nhs.uk/services/street-triage-and-places-of-safety/. Accessed 2 Mar 2021.

  52. House of Commons, Home Affairs Committee. Policing and Mental Health. Eleventh Report of Session 2014–15. (202). London: HMSO; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Reveruzzi B, Pilling S. Street Triage report on the evaluation of nine pilot schemes in England. 2016. https://s16878.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Street-Triage-Evaluation-Final-Report.pdf. Accessed 6 Jan 2021.

  54. Keown P, French J, Gibson G, Newton E, Cull S, Brown P, Parry J, Lyons D, McKinnon I. Too much detention? Street triage and detentions under section 136 mental health Act in the north-east of England: a descriptive study of the effects of a Street Triage intervention. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e011837. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011837.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Cleveland Police. ‘Everyone matters equality and diversity report 2017. 2017. https://www.cleveland.police.uk/SysSiteAssets/media/downloads/force-content/cleveland/cp-em-ed-report-2017.pdf. Accessed 5 Jan 2021.

  56. National Police Chiefs’ Council (NPCC). National Strategy on Policing and Mental Health. 2020. https://www.npcc.police.uk/Mental%20Health/Nat%20Strat%20Final%20v2%2026%20Feb%202020.pdf. Accessed 3 Jan 2021.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ruth McGrath .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

McGrath, R. (2023). Police Custody Officer. In: Scott, T. (eds) Mental Health: Intervention Skills for the Emergency Services. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20347-3_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20347-3_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-20346-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-20347-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics