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Plant Alkaloids: Production, Extraction, and Potential Therapeutic Properties

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Natural Secondary Metabolites

Abstract

Alkaloids are a type of secondary metabolites that can be found in different parts of plants. This group of compounds is diverse and can be divided into nine subgroups: pyridine, tropane, isoquinoline, phenanthrene, phenylethylamine, indole, purine, imidazole, and terpenoids. Most of these compounds are recognized for their anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities, among others. Although more than 27,000 alkaloids have been described up to date, the search for novel compounds with promising therapeutic properties is a hot topic among researchers worldwide. In this line, the production of the currently marketed plant alkaloids including extraction methods, isolation, and purification is reviewed in this chapter. In addition, a deep description of different groups of alkaloids in terms of their chemical structure, plant source, and uses is also presented. Recent advances in the therapeutic potential and biological activities of this vast group of phytochemicals are also included.

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Abbreviations

AE:

Acid extraction

DE:

Decoction

DES:

Eutectic solvents

HP:

Hot water under pressure

HPPE:

High-pressure propane extraction

MA:

Maceration

MAE:

Microwave-assisted extraction

ME:

Methylation

PHWE:

Pressurized hot water extraction

SFE:

Supercritical fluid extraction

SO:

Soxhlet

UAE:

Ultrasound-assisted extraction

WE:

Water extraction

GC-MS:

Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

HPLC-Q-TOF-MS:

High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

HPLC–UV–ESI MS/MS:

HPLC with UV detection coupled with electrospray ionization MS/MS

HPTLC:

High-performance thin-layer chromatographic

HSCCC:

High-speed counter-current chromatography

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

TLC:

Thin-layer chromatography

UHPLC–Q-TOF-MS:

Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

IA:

Isoquinoline alkaloids

InA:

Indole alkaloids

IzA:

Imidazole alkaloids

PA:

Pyridine alkaloids

PeA:

Phenylethylamine alkaloids

PhA:

Phenanthrene alkaloids

PuA:

Purine alkaloids

TA:

Tropane alkaloids

TeA:

Terpenoid alkaloids

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

HR:

Hairy root culture

MEP:

Methyl-erythritol phosphate

Nd:

Not determined

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Acknowledgments

The research leading to these results was supported by MICINN supporting the Ramón y Cajal grant for M.A. Prieto (RYC-2017-22891); by Xunta de Galicia supporting the program EXCELENCIA-ED431F 2020/12, the post-doctoral grant of L. Cassani (ED481B-2021/152), and the pre-doctoral grants of P. Garcia-Oliveira (ED481A-2019/295), and A.G. Pereira (ED481A-2019/0228); by the EcoChestnut Project (Erasmus+ KA202) that supports the work of J. Echave; and by the Bio Based Industries Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No 888003 UP4HEALTH Project (H2020-BBI-JTI-2019) that supports the work of P. Otero. JU receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program and the Bio Based Industries Consortium. Authors are grateful to Ibero-American Program on Science and Technology (CYTED—AQUA-CIBUS, P317RT0003). The project SYSTEMIC Knowledge hub on Nutrition and Food Security has received funding from national research funding parties in Belgium (FWO), France (INRA), Germany (BLE), Italy (MIPAAF), Latvia (IZM), Norway (RCN), Portugal (FCT), and Spain (AEI) in a joint action of JPI HDHL, JPI-OCEANS, and FACCE-JPI launched in 2019 under the ERA-NET ERA-HDHL (n° 696295).

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Author notes

  1. Antia G. Pereira and Lucía Cassani contributed equally with all other contributors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain

    Antia G. Pereira, Lucía Cassani, Paula Garcia-Oliveira, Paz Otero, Sepidar Mansoor, Javier Echave, Jianbo Xiao, J. Simal-Gándara & M. A. Prieto

  2. Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal

    Antia G. Pereira, Lucía Cassani, Paula Garcia-Oliveira & M. A. Prieto

  3. International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China

    Jianbo Xiao

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  1. Antia G. Pereira
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  2. Lucía Cassani
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  4. Paz Otero
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  5. Sepidar Mansoor
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  6. Javier Echave
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  7. Jianbo Xiao
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  8. J. Simal-Gándara
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  9. M. A. Prieto
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to J. Simal-Gándara or M. A. Prieto .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal

    Márcio Carocho

  2. Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal

    Sandrina A. Heleno

  3. Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal

    Lillian Barros

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Pereira, A.G. et al. (2023). Plant Alkaloids: Production, Extraction, and Potential Therapeutic Properties. In: Carocho, M., Heleno, S.A., Barros, L. (eds) Natural Secondary Metabolites. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18587-8_6

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