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Power: Relational, Discursive, and Performative Dimensions

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Sociology as a Human Science

Part of the book series: Cultural Sociology ((CULTSOC))

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Abstract

This chapter draws on the conceptual link between power and causality to develop an account of the relational, discursive, and performative dimensions of power. Each proposed dimension of power is grounded in a different understanding of social causes: relational-realist, discursive-hermeneutic, and performative-pragmatic. For the purposes of empirical analysis, this dimensional schema crosscuts the classic sources of power typology developed by Michael Mann and others, thus rendering the conceptual apparatus for pursuing sociological research on power more complex and explanatorily effective. The schema is illustrated by an example from comparative-historical sociology: explaining the storming of the Bastille and its effects. A series of research questions for investigating the relative autonomy of performative power are proposed. Finally, the proposed schema is situated vis-à-vis classic sociological theories of power, including the arguments of Steven Lukes, Michel Foucault, and Pierre Bourdieu, among others.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Adam Slez and John Levi Martin argue that examining the “temporal dynamics of political action” allows one to better explain what happened at the Constitutional Convention. In particular, they “find that the meaning of any one issue—what it implied for alignments and oppositions between actors—was conditional on how previous questions had been decided” (2007: 43).

  2. 2.

    Some commentators have attempted to separate out “modern” concepts of power focused on the state, the economy, and ideology from “postmodern” concepts of power focused on micro-processes and discursive effects, often with the implication that the first is “causal” and the second “interpretive” (Clegg 1989; Torfing 2009). But this division of the field is rendered somewhat suspect by commentators who have connected Foucault’s theory of power to that of Parsons (Brenner 1994; Kroker 1984; Giddens 1984), noting that both emphasized power as an ever-present, system-wide property of modern societies.

  3. 3.

    Interestingly, in Dahl’s 1957 paper, “The Concept of Power,” he explicitly stated that he would “steer clear of the possible identity of ‘power’ with ‘cause,’ and the host of problems this identity might give rise to” (1957: 203).

  4. 4.

    Famously, the status attainment research program attempted to parse how factors such as parent’s education and income, as compared to innate cognitive ability, predicted mobility or status achievement; this literature has been given new “non-social” factors to consider by work on gene and environment interactions (Adkins and Guo 2008; Adkins and Vaisey 2009).

  5. 5.

    Said’s explanations have been criticized by sociologists as too discursive in orientation, not only from the perspective of those more interested in the political economy of colonialism, but also by those who want to specify how the discursive formation of Orientalist representations of the non-Western was institutionalized in specific ways. According to George Steinmetz, Said’s discursivisim “is reductionist in its causal imagery and its lack of attention to social and psychic levels of causality” (2007: 26). Steinmetz’s critique highlights the need to analytically separate the dimensions of power so that their various intersections and interactions can be examined empirically.

  6. 6.

    For the social theory of events, see Wagner-Pacifici (2010).

  7. 7.

    For extended debate on how fields relate to each other, and the strengths and weaknesses of Bourdieu’s social theory in this regard, see Calhoun (1993); Eyal (2013).

  8. 8.

    Hence his willingness to pursue counterfactuals as part of arguments about the third dimension of power (Lukes 2005: 44).

  9. 9.

    Thus, in contrast to the focus here, one might develop the causal schemas associated with psychoanalytic theory—in particular, perhaps, those that refer to the unconscious motivations of behavior and sexual symbolization—into a dimension of power. See Butler (1997b) and Steinmetz (2007: 55–65).

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    Isaac Ariail Reed

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Ariail Reed, I. (2023). Power: Relational, Discursive, and Performative Dimensions. In: Sociology as a Human Science . Cultural Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18357-7_8

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