Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Indonesia Case Study

Let Us Get Political: Challenges and Inconsistencies in Legislation Related to Community Participation in the Implementation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Indonesia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Challenges in Tropical Coastal Zone Management

Abstract

The process of Marine Protected Area (MPA) establishment in Indonesia entered a new stage with the shift of the political regime in the late 1990s that marked the transition from a centralized, authoritarian regime to a more democratic, decentralized one. New legislation on MPAs has become more representative and democratic and includes provisions for the involvement of communities in the establishment of MPAs, something that did not exist in the previous legislation. This chapter examines the body of legislation that covers community involvement in the MPA establishment process in Indonesia. The examination draws on an analysis of texts and documents, and includes the history of legislation on marine area management, its development, and the more recent state of MPAs in Reform Era legislation. MPAs in Indonesia have many names, falling into several categories and sub-categories defined in different pieces of legislation. These pieces are scattered in the legislation and are not easy to find. Furthermore, due to Indonesian MPAs being administered by multiple ministries and governed by multiple legislations, there are gaps and inconsistencies particularly in the differences between categories. Lastly, MPA legislation provides opportunities for communities to be informed and consulted in the MPA establishment process. However, this falls short of the active participation of communities that is required in order for MPAs to be successful. For future administrations, it is important to understand the need to involve coastal communities in every step of the MPA establishment process, beyond being informed and consulted. To support this, trainings and workshops on how to achieve higher levels of community participation for national and provincial governments, as well as a continuous evaluation process, are suggested.

An extended version of this chapter has previously been published as part of a doctoral dissertation at the University of Bremen (Baitoningsih, 2015). The present text has been shortened, amended in parts, and updated to account for changes in legislation since the thesis was published.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agung MF, Adhuri DS, Ferse SC, Sualia I, Andradi-Brown DA, Campbell SJ, Iqbal M, Jonas HD, Lazuardi ME, Nanlohy H (2022) Marine conservation beyond MPAs: towards the recognition of other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) in Indonesia. Mar Policy 137:104939

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anakotta A, Bessie D, Anakotta W (2009) Kajian Kelembagaan Daerah Perlindungan Laut Berbasis Masyarakat dengan Kearifan Lokal di Desa Bolok. Laporan Penelitian Hibah Bersaing. Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana, Kupang, Indonesia

    Google Scholar 

  • Baitoningsih W (2009) Community participation in designing MPA in Spermonde archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany, p 90

    Google Scholar 

  • Baitoningsih W (2015) Let’s get political: community participation in the MPA establishment process in Indonesia. Dissertation. University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany, p 147. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:46-00105065-15

  • Boomgaard P (1999) Oriental nature, its friends and its enemies: conservation of nature in late-colonial Indonesia, 1889–1949. Environ History 5(3):257–292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Booth A (2010) Government and welfare in the New Republic Indonesia in the 1950s. Itinerario-Int J History European Expansion Global Interaction 34(1):57–76. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0165115310000057

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borrini-Feyerabend G, Pimbert M, Farvar MT, Kothari A, Renard Y (2004) Sharing power. Learning by doing in co-management of natural resources throughout the world. IIED & IUCN/CEESP/CMWG, Cenesta Tehran: xxxvii + 456p

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinner J (2005) Socioeconomic factors influencing customary marine tenure in the indo-Pacific. Ecol Soc 10(1):36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cribb R (1988) The politics of environmental protection in Indonesia, Clayton, Australia, Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, p 36

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudley N (2008) Guidelines for applying protected area management categories. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, p 86

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Erb M (2012) The dissonance of conservation: Environmentalities and the environmentalisms of the poor in eastern Indonesia. Raffles Bull Zool 25:11–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans SM, Gill ME, Retraubun ASW, Abrahamz J, Dangeubun J (1997) Traditional management practices and the conservation of the gastropod (Trochus nilitocus) and fish stocks in the Maluku Province (eastern Indonesia). Fish Res 31(1–2):83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(97)00011-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferse SCA, Costa MM, Manez KS, Adhuri DS, Glaser M (2010) Allies, not aliens: increasing the role of local communities in marine protected area implementation. Environ Conserv 37(1):23–34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892910000172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fidler RY, Ahmadia GN, Amkieltiela, Awaludinnoer, Cox C, Estradivari, Glew L, Handayani C, Mahajan SL, Mascia MB (2022) Participation, not penalties: community involvement and equitable governance contribute to more effective multiuse protected areas. Sci Adv 8(18):eabl8929

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fritzen SA (2007) Can the design of community-driven development reduce the risk of elite capture? Evidence from Indonesia. World Dev 35(8):1359–1375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.05.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glaser M, Baitoningsih W, Ferse SCA, Neil M, Deswandi R (2010) Whose sustainability? Top-down participation and emergent rules in marine protected area management in Indonesia. Mar Policy 34(6):1215–1225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2010.04.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Govan H, Aalbersberg W, Tawake A, Parks JE (2008) Locally-managed marine areas: a guide for practitioners. Locally-Managed Marine Area Network 3:64

    Google Scholar 

  • Gustave R, Borchers H (2008) Conservation and conflict in komodo National Park. In: Biodiversity and human livelihoods in protected areas: case studies from the Malay Archipelago. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 187–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Harkes I, Novaczek I (2000) Institutional resilience of sasi laut, a fisheries management system in Indonesia. 8th Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property (IACSP), Bloomington, Indiana, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Idrus R (2009) Hard Habits to break: investigating coastal resource utilisations and management systems in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, p 254

    Google Scholar 

  • Jack-Kadioglu T, Pusparini N, Lazuardi M, Estradivari RA, Campbell S, Jakub R, Claborn K, Glew L, Rusandi A, Hakim A (2020) Community involvement in marine protected area governance. Management of marine protected areas in Indonesia: status and challenges. Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries and Yayasan WWF Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, pp 23–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Jepson P, Whittaker RJ (2002) Histories of protected areas: internationalisation of conservationist values and their adoption in the Netherlands indies (Indonesia). Environ History 8(2):129–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kusuma-Atmadja M, Purwaka TH (1996) Legal and institutional aspects of coastal zone management in Indonesia. Mar Policy 20(1):63–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kusumanti I (2013) Fisheries dependence and livelihood vulnerability in Jakarta Bay and Seribu Islands: a case study. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazuardi M, Razak T, Jack-Kadioglu T, Iqbal M, Rusandi A, Hakim A, Sapari A, Andradi-Brown D, Claborn K, Veverka L (2020) Formal marine protected area governance structure. Management of Marine Protected Areas in Indonesia: status and challenges. Kementerian Kelautan and Perikanan and Yayasan WWF Indonesia: Jakarta, Indonesia, 3–20

    Google Scholar 

  • McLeod E, Salm R, Green A, Almany J (2009) Designing marine protected area networks to address the impacts of climate change. Front Ecol Environ 7(7):362–370. https://doi.org/10.1890/070211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (2020) Management of Marine Protected Areas in Indonesia: status and challenges. Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries and Yayasan WWF Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

    Google Scholar 

  • Noel J, Weigel J (2007) MPAs: from conservation to sustainable development. Int J Sustain Dev 1(3):223–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Novaczek I, Harkes IHT, Sopacua J, Tatuhey MDD (2011) An institutional analysis of Sasi Laut in Maluku, Indonesia.: xii + ICLARM-the world fish Centre, p 327

    Google Scholar 

  • Patlis JM (2005) The role of law and legal institutions in determining the sustainability of integrated coastal management projects in Indonesia. Ocean Coast Manag 48(3–6):450–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2005.04.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polunin NV (1984) Do traditional marine “reserves” conserve? A view of Indonesian and new Guinean evidence. Senri Ethnol Stud 17:267–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruddle K, Satria A (2010) Managing coastal and inland waters: pre-existing aquatic management systems in Southeast Asia. Springer Science & Business Media, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, p 188

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Satria A, Matsuda Y (2004) Decentralization of fisheries management in Indonesia. Mar Policy 28(5):437–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2003.11.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sen S, Nielsen JR (1996) Fisheries co-management: a comparative analysis. Mar Policy 20(5):405–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-597x(96)00028-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seymour R, Turner S (2002) Otonomi daerah: Indonesia's decentralisation experiment. N Z J Asian Stud 4:33–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Siry HY (2011) In search of appropriate approaches to coastal zone management in Indonesia. Ocean Coast Manag 54(6):469–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.03.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suryo D (2000) Political transformation in Indonesia. Korean Assoc Southeast Asian Stud 9:165–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Syarif LM (2009) Promotion and management of marine fisheries in Indonesia. In: Winter G (ed) Towards sustainable fisheries law. A comparative analysis. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, pp 31–82

    Google Scholar 

  • UNCLOS (1982) United nations convention on the law of the sea. Montego Bay, Jamaica, p 208

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiadnya D, Syafaat R, Susilo E, Setyohadi D, Arifin Z, Wiryawan B (2011) Recent development of marine protected areas (MPAs) in Indonesia: policies and governance. J Appl Environ Biol Sci 1(12):608–613

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson C, Linkie M (2012) The Panglima Laot of Aceh: a case study in large-scale community-based marine management after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Oryx 46(4):495–500. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605312000191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood L (2007) MPA global: a database of the world's marine protected areas. Sea around us project. UNEP-WCMC & WWF, Vancouver

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Freelance Consultant, Böblingen, Germany

    Wasistini B. Barnhart

  2. Marine Ecology Department, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

    Sebastian C. A. Ferse

  3. Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen GmbH, Bremen, Germany

    Sebastian C. A. Ferse

Authors
  1. Wasistini B. Barnhart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sebastian C. A. Ferse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Zentrum fĂĽr Marine Tropenforschung, Bremen, Germany

    Matthias Wolff

  2. Marine Ecology Department, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

    Sebastian C.A. Ferse

  3. University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji

    Hugh Govan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Barnhart, W.B., Ferse, S.C.A. (2023). Indonesia Case Study. In: Wolff, M., Ferse, S.C., Govan, H. (eds) Challenges in Tropical Coastal Zone Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17879-5_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation