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Autophagy in Stem Cell Maintenance and Differentiation

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Autophagy in Stem Cell Maintenance and Differentiation

Part of the book series: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ((STEMCELL,volume 73))

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Abstract

Autophagy is one of the intracellular machinery for maintaining organelle as well as physiological homeostasis in cells by clearance of cellular debris and recycling of essential raw materials. It is different from other cellular processes like apoptosis and necrosis in the sense that it acts as a double-edged sword that might lead either to survival or death based on the stimuli. There are broadly three different types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone mediated autophagy. Macroautophagy is one of the commonly understood forms of autophagy and has been discussed simply as autophagy throughout the chapter. The role of autophagy in stem cell maintenance and differentiation is essential as both the processes require intensive intracellular remodeling which involves a continuous cycle of synthesis and degradation of event-specific proteins. Several pathways are involved in the regulation of autophagy and vice versa in stem cells. Among them, there are master proteins mandatory for stem cell maintenance and/or differentiation reported to be directly regulating autophagy. The current chapter discusses the different signaling pathways in stem cells; regulating or being regulated by autophagy and its role in the maintenance and differentiation of various types of stem cells.

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Abbreviations

3-MA:

3-Methyl adenine

ADSC:

Adipose derived stem cell

ALT:

Alanine Aminotransferase

Ambra1:

Activating molecule in Beclin1-regulated autophagy protein 1

AMPK:

AMP-activated protein kinase

APJ:

Apelin receptor

ATG:

Autophagy related gene

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BAT:

Brown adipose tissue

BMSC:

Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells

BNIP3:

BCL2/Adenovirus E1B 19 kDa Protein Interacting Protein 3

C/EBPβ:

CCAAT-enhancer binding protein

CMA:

Chaperone mediated autophagy

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSC:

Cardiac stem cells

CSF:

Colony stimulating factor

CYLD:

Cylindromatosis

DNA:

Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

ER:

Endoplasmic Reticulum

ESCRT:

Endosomal sorting complex required for transport

Eva1:

Eva-1 homolog A

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

FGFR:

Fibroblast growth factor receptor

FIP200:

Focal adhesion kinase family-interacting protein of 200kD

FOXO:

Forkhead box transcription factor

FRS2α:

FGF receptor substrate 2α

GATA 1:

GATA-binding factor 1

GIT1:

G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1

GSK3:

Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3

HIF-1α:

Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 alpha

HMPC:

Hematopoietic mesenchymal progenitor cells

HPC:

Hepatic progenitor cells

HSC:

Hematopoietic stem cells

HSC-70:

Heat shock Protein 70 kDa

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

ISC:

Intestinal stem cells

JNK:

C-Jun N-terminal kinase

Klf:

Kruppel-like factors

LC3:

Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 protein

LPC:

Liver Progenitor Cell

miRNA:

Micro Ribo-nucleic acid

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinases

MSC:

Mesenchymal stem cells

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NBR1:

Neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1 protein

NFATc1:

Nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1

NF-κβ:

Nuclear Factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells

NSC:

Neural stem cells

PE:

Phosphatidylethanolamine

PI3K:

Phosphatidylinositol—3—kinase

PIP2:

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate

PIP3:

Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate

PPARγ2:

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma

RANKL:

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand

RBC:

Red Blood cells

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SC:

Satellite cells

STAT-3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

TAB2TGF-β:

activates kinase 1 binding protein 2

TGs:

Triglycerides

TIP60:

60KDa HIV-Tat interactive protein

TNF-α:

Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha

TRAF:

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor

TUNEL:

Terminal Deoxy-nucleotidyl Transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling

ULK1:

Unc-51-like kinase 1

VPS:

Vacuolar protein sorting

VZ/SVZ:

Ventricular and subventricular zone

WAT:

White Adipose Tissue

WIPI:

WD repeat protein interacting with phosphoinositide

Wnt:

Wingless-related Integration site

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Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge the DST-SERB grant (EMR/2017/004149) provided to SM and DRDO-LSRB grant (O/o DG(TM)/81/48222/LSRB-351/PEE&BS/2019) provided to RC as a funding source for our research. The authors acknowledge BITS Pilani, Pilani campus, for providing infrastructural support. AKS and PB acknowledge DST-SERB (EMR/2017/004149) and DRDO (O/o DG(TM)/81/48222/LSRB-351/PEE&BS/2019), respectively, for providing fellowship.

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India

    Anirudha K. Sahu, Propanna Bandyopadhyay, Rajdeep Chowdhury & Sudeshna Mukherjee

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  1. Anirudha K. Sahu
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Correspondence to Sudeshna Mukherjee .

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  1. Developmental Biology Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India

    Bhupendra V. Shravage

  2. Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Kursad Turksen

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DST-SERB grant (EMR/2017/004149) provided to SM and DRDO-LSRB grant (O/o DG(TM)/81/48222/LSRB-351/PEE&BS/2019) provided to RC.

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Sahu, A.K., Bandyopadhyay, P., Chowdhury, R., Mukherjee, S. (2023). Autophagy in Stem Cell Maintenance and Differentiation. In: Shravage, B.V., Turksen, K. (eds) Autophagy in Stem Cell Maintenance and Differentiation. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, vol 73. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17362-2_2

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