Abstract
With the increasing pressure to meet unprecedented levels of eco-efficiency in order to contribute to the global challenge of green transition, the transport industry, particularly aircraft, automotive, railway, and maritime, aims for superlight structures. Toward this goal, polymer and polymer-based materials, such as composites, are replacing the conventional metals as for very long time the number one material used in transport vehicles. The replacement of metals by polymers or polymer-based materials in different industries has allowed reducing the weight of structures and of transport vehicles, which generates fuel economy and a reduction in CO2 emissions. Moreover, besides the higher corrosion resistance, polymers present an ease of fitting and a flexibility of design and decoration far superior to metallic components combined with lower time and production costs. Due to the price and the required mechanical and thermal resistance, most structural composite parts currently used in transports industries, such as aeronautical and naval, are mostly based on thermoset or thermoplastic polymers where the first ones are difficult to recycle because of the polymer chains reticulation occurring during the resin curing process.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Åkesson, D., Vrignaud, T., Tissot, C., & Skrifvars, M. (2016). Mechanical recycling of PLA filled with a high level of cellulose fibres. Journal of Polymers and the Environment., 24(3), 185–195.
Alves, C., Ferrão, P. M. C., Freitas, M., Silva, A. J., Luz, S. M., & Alves, D. E. (2009). Sustainable design procedure: The role of composite materials to combine mechanical and environmental features for agricultural machines. Materials and Design., 30, 4060–4068.
Alves, C., Dias, A. P. S., Diogo, A. C., Ferrão, P. M. C., Luz, S. M., Silva, A. J., Reis, L., & Freitas, M. (2010a). Eco-composite: The effects of the jute fiber treatments on the mechanical and environmental performance of the composite materials. Journal of Composite Materials, 45(5), 573–589.
Alves, C., Ferrão, P. M. C., Silva, A. J., Reis, L. G., Freitas, M., Rodrigues, L. B., & Alves, D. E. (2010b). Ecodesign of automotive components making use of natural jute fiber composites. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18, 313–327.
Asmatulu, E., Twomey, J., & Overcash, M. (2014). Recycling of fiber reinforced composites and direct structural composite recycling concept. Journal of Composite Materials, 48, 593–608.
Beg, M. D. H., & Pickering, K. L. (2008). Reprocessing of wood fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Part I: Effects on physical and mechanical properties. Composites Part A-Applied. Science and Manufacturing, 39(7), 1091–1100.
Brezet, H., & van Hemer, C. (1997). Ecodesign: A promising approach to sustainable production and consumption. United Nations Environment Programme, Industry and Environment, Cleaner Production, Delft University of Technology.
Campos, A. A., Henriques, E., & Magee, C. L. (2022). Technological improvement rates and recent innovation trajectories in automated advanced composites manufacturing technologies: A patent-based analysis. Composites Part B: Engineering, 238, 109888.
Canut, F. A., Simões, A. M. P., Reis, L., Freitas, M., Bastos, I. N., Castro, F. C., & Mamyia, E. N. (2019). Monitoring of corrosion-fatigue degradation of grade R4 steel using an electrochemical-mechanical combined approach. Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering materials & Structures, 42(11), 2509–2519.
Costa, P. R., Soares, H., Reis, L., & Freitas, M. (2020). Ultrasonic fatigue testing under multiaxial loading on a railway steel. International Journal of Fatigue, 136, 105581.
Dong, C. (2018). Review of natural fibre-reinforced hybrid composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 37(5), 331–248.
Fonseca-Valero, C., Ochoa-Mendoza, A., Arranz-Andrés, J., & González-Sanchez, C. (2015). Mechanical recycling and composition effects on the properties and structure of hardwood cellulose-reinforced high density polyethylene eco-composites, composites part A-applied. Science and Manufacturing, 69, 94–104.
Freitas, M. (2017). Multiaxial fatigue: From materials testing to life prediction. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 92, 360–372.
Gopalraj, S. K., & Kärki, T. (2020). A review on the recycling of waste carbon fibre/glass fibre-reinforced composites: Fibre recovery, properties and life-cycle analysis. SN Applied Sciences, 2(4), 33.
Jody, B. J., Pomykala, J. A., Jr., Daniels, E. J., et al. (2004). A process to recover carbon fbers from polymer-matrix composites in end-of-life vehicles. Journal of the Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society., 56, 43–47.
Lage, Y., Cachão, H., Reis, L., Freitas, M., & Ribeiro, A. (2014). A damage parameter for HCF and VHCF based on hysteretic damping. International Journal of Fatigue, 62, 2–9.
Leão, R. M., Luz, S. M., Araújo, J. A., & Christoforo, A. L. (2015). The recycling of sugarcane fiber/polypropylene composites. Materials Research, 18(4), 690–697.
Luz, S. M., Ferrão, P. M. C., Alves, C., Freitas, M., & Caldeira-Pires, A. (2010). Ecodesign applied to components based on sugarcane fibers composites. Materials Science Forum, 636-637, 226–232.
McConnell, V. P. (2010). Launching the carbon fibre recycling industry. Reinforced Plastics., 54(2), 33–37.
Meng, F., Olivetti, E. A., Zhao, Y., Chang, J. C., Pickering, S. J., & McKechnie, J. (2018). Comparing life cycle energy and global warming potential of carbon fiber composite recycling technologies and waste management options. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering., 6(8), 9854–9865.
Meng, F., McKechnie, J., Turner, T. A., & Pickering, S. J. (2017). Energy and environmental assessment and reuse of fluidised bed recycled carbon fibres. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing., 100, 206–214.
Meyer, L. O., Schulte, K., & Grove-Nielsen, E. (2009). CFRP-recycling following a pyrolysis route: Process optimization and potentials. Journal of Composite Materials, 43, 1121–1132.
Oliveux, G., Dandy, L. O., & Leeke, G. A. (2015). Current status of recycling of fibre reinforced polymers: Review of technologies, reuse and resulting properties. Progress in Materials Science, 72, 61–99.
Palmer, J., Ghita, O. R., Savage, L., et al. (2009). Successful closed loop recycling of thermoset composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing., 40, 490–498.
Pegoretti, A. (2021). Towards sustainable structural composites: A review on the recycling of continuous-fiber-reinforced thermoplastics. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research., 4(2), 105–115.
Petchwattana, N., Covavisaruch, S., & Sanetuntikul, J. (2012). Recycling of wood-plastic composites prepared from poly(vinyl chloride) and wood flour. Construction and Building Materials., 28(1), 557–560.
Pickering, S. J. (2006). Recycling technologies for thermoset composite materials current status. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing., 37, 1206–1215.
Pickering, S. J., Kelly, R. M., Kennerley, J. R., et al. (2000). A fluidised-bed process for the recovery of glass fibres from scrap thermoset composites. Composites Science and Technology, 60, 509–523.
Pickering, S. J., Turner, T. A., Meng, F., et al. (2015). Developments in the fluidised bed process for fibre recovery from thermoset composites. In CAMX 2015–Composites and advanced materials expo (pp. 2384–2394).
Pimenta, S., & Pinho, S. T. (2011). Recycling carbon fibre reinforced polymers for structural applications: Technology review and market outlook. Waste Management., 31, 378–392.
Rademacker, T. (2018). Challenges in CFRP recycling. In Breaking & sifting–expert exchange on the end-of-life of wind turbines (pp. 24–55). Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy.
Reis, L., Carvalho, P., Alves, C., & Freitas, M. (2010). Mechanical behaviour of sandwich beams manufactured with glass or jute fiber in facings and cork agglomerates as core. Materials Science Forum, 636-637, 245–252.
Roberts, T. (2007). Rapid growth forecast for carbon fibre market. Reinforced Plastics., 51, 10–13.
Rodrigues, G. G. M., Faulstich De Paiva, J. M., Braga Do Carmo, J., et al. (2014). Recycling of carbon fibers inserted in composite of DGEBA epoxy matrix by thermal degradation. Polymer Degradation and Stability., 109, 50–58.
Sauer, M., Kuhnel, M., & Witten, E. (2017). Composites Market Report 2017–Market developments, trends, outlook and challenges.
Shen, Y. (2018). Effect of chemical pretreatment on pyrolysis of non-metallic fraction recycled from waste printed circuit boards. Waste Management., 76, 537–543.
Shi, J., Bao, L., Kobayashi, R., et al. (2012). Reusing recycled fibers in high-value fiber-reinforced polymer composites: Improving bending strength by surface cleaning. Composites Science and Technology, 72, 1298–1303.
Soares, B. A. R., Henriques, E., Ribeiro, I., & Freitas, M. (2019). Cost analysis of alternative automated technologies for composite parts production. International Journal of Production Research, 57(6), 1797–1810.
Viksne, A., & Rence, L. (2008). Effect of re-compounding on the properties of polypropylene/wood flour composites. Progress in Rubber. Plastics and Recycling Technology., 24(3), 153–169.
Vo Dong, P. A., Azzaro-Pantel, C., & Cadene, A.-L. (2018). Economic and environmental assessment of recovery and disposal pathways for CFRP waste management. Resources, Conservation and Recycling., 133, 63–75.
Warren, C. D. (1999). Present and future automotive composite materials research efforts at DOE, proceedings of ICCMM (pp. 260–271).
Wong, K., Rudd, C., Pickering, S., et al. (2017). Composites recycling solutions for the aviation industry. Science China Technological Sciences., 60, 1291–1300.
Xu, S., Fang, Y., Yi, S., He, J., Zhai, X., Song, Y., Wang, H., & Wang, Q. (2018). Effects of lithium chloride and chain extender on the properties of wood fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composites. Polymer Testing., 72, 132–139.
Zhao, X., Copenhaver, K., Wang, L., Korey, M., Gardner, D. J., Li, K., Lamm, M. E., Kishore, V., Bhagia, S., Tajvidi, M., Tekinalp, H., Oyedeji, O., Wasti, S., Webb, E., Ragauskasf, A. J., Zhu, H., Peter, W. H., & Ozcan, S. (2022). Recycling of natural fiber composites: Challenges and opportunities and opportunities. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 177, 105962.
Zhou, B., Liu, B., & Zhang, S. (2021). The advancement of 7XXX series aluminum alloys for aircraft structures: A review. Metals, 11, 718–747.
Acknowledgments
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Duarte, A.P., Freitas, M. (2022). Challenges on the Use of Polymers on Green Transition. In: Devezas, T.C., Leitão, J.C.C., Yegorov, Y., Chistilin, D. (eds) Global Challenges of Climate Change, Vol.1. World-Systems Evolution and Global Futures. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16470-5_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16470-5_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-16469-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-16470-5
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)