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Cardiovascular Complications of Long COVID-19: Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Risk Factors

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Cardiovascular Complications of COVID-19

Part of the book series: Contemporary Cardiology ((CONCARD))

Abstract

Some time has already passed since the COVID-19 pandemic began in 2019, but little is known about the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on heart and blood vessel function. SARS-CoV-2 infection was initially thought to be associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome, it has been observed over time that the COVID-19, is actually a multi-organ disease that can also induce cardiovascular symptoms, including myocardial infarction, myocarditis, stress cardiomyopathy, heart failure, arrhythmias, and secondary heart injury. Several possible mechanisms underlying the heart muscle injury related to COVID-19 have been proposed, i.e., direct cytotoxic damage, dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, endothelial inflammation, and dysregulation of the immune response. The management of long COVID-19 effects is largely based on conservative treatment, consisting in the elimination of risk factors related to the development of cardiovascular diseases. In this chapter, we discuss the cardiovascular complications of long COVID-19, with an emphasis on prevalence, diagnosis, and risk factors.

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  1. Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric Cardiology, Medical Centre for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland

    Michał Chudzik

  2. Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

    Joanna Kapusta

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  1. Michał Chudzik
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  1. Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland

    Maciej Banach

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Chudzik, M., Kapusta, J. (2022). Cardiovascular Complications of Long COVID-19: Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Risk Factors. In: Banach, M. (eds) Cardiovascular Complications of COVID-19. Contemporary Cardiology. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15478-2_23

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