Abstract
Considering the cerebellum an independent structure devoted mainly to motor control functions, neuroscience research has, until now, considerably neglected the importance of the cerebellar’s contribution to non-motor functions. In fact, as the cerebellar is anatomo-functionally connected to different large-scale networks in the neocortex, including frontal and parietal regions typically involved in high-order cognitive processing, there is strong evidence to suggest its primary role lay beyond its motor control function. Histologically, the cerebellum contains about 50 billion neurons—roughly half of the total number of neurons in the whole brain, and this impressive order of magnitude supports extremely powerful mechanisms for processing information. The definition of input–output organization between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex helps to clarify the role of the cerebellum in higher cognitive functions. Indeed, these connections provide the means through which association areas and the cerebellum may influence each other’s operations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Benagiano V, Rizzi A, Lorusso L, Flace P, Saccia M, Cagiano R, Ribatti D, Roncali L, Ambrosi G (2018) The functional anatomy of the cerebrocerebellar circuit: a review and new concepts. J Comp Neurol 526(5):769–789
Bonnì S, Motta C, Pellicciari MC, Casula EP, Cinnera AM, Maiella M, Picazio S, Tramontano M, Sallustio F, Koch G (2020) Intermittent cerebellar theta burst stimulation improves visuo-motor learning in stroke patients: a pilot study. Cerebellum 19(5):739–743
Cattaneo Z, Ferrari C, Ciricugno A et al (2022) New horizons on non-invasive brain stimulation of the social and affective cerebellum. Cerebellum 21(3):482–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-021-01300-4
D’Angelo E, Casali S (2013) Seeking a unified framework for cerebellar function and dysfunction: from circuit operations to cognition. Front Neural Circuits 6:116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2012.00116
Dalal SS, Osipova D, Bertrand O, Jerbi K (2013) Oscillatory activity of the human cerebellum: The intracranial electrocerebellogram revisited. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37(4):585–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.006
Di Lazzaro V, Molinari M, Restuccia D, Leggio MG, Nardone R, Fogli D, Tonali P (1994a) Cerebro-cerebellar interactions in man: neurophysiological studies in patients with focal cerebellar lesions. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 93(1):27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-5597(94)90088-4
Di Lazzaro V, Restuccia D, Leggio MM, MG, Nardone R, Fogli D, Tonali P. (1994b) Excitability of the motor cortex to magnetic stimulation in patients with cerebellar lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57(1):108–110. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.57.1.108
Di Lazzaro V, Restuccia D, Nardone R, Leggio MG, Oliviero A, Profice P, Tonali P, Molinari M (1995) Motor cortex changes in a patient with hemicerebellectomy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 97(5):259–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(95)00110-k
Huang YZ, Edwards MJ, Rounis E, Bhatia KP, Rothwell JC (2005) Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron 45(2):201–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.033
Ivry R (2000) Exploring the role of the cerebellum in sensory anticipation and timing: commentary on Tesche and Karhu. Hum Brain Mapp 9(3):115–118. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(200003)9:3<115::AID-HBM1>3.0.CO;2-5
Jayaram G, Tang B, Pallegadda R, Vasudevan EV, Celnik P, Bastian A (2012) Modulating locomotor adaptation with cerebellar stimulation. J Neurophysiol 107(11):2950–2957. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00645.2011
Koziol LF, Budding D, Andreasen N, D’Arrigo S, Bulgheroni S, Imamizu H, Ito M, Manto M, Marvel C, Parker K, Pezzulo G, Ramnani N, Riva D, Schmahmann J, Vandervert L, Yamazaki T (2014) Consensus paper: the cerebellum’s role in movement and cognition. Cerebellum 13(1):151–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-013-0511-x
Le Bihan D (2003) Looking into the functional architecture of the brain with diffusion MRI. Nat Rev Neurosci 4(6):469–480. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1119
Lupo M, Olivito G, Siciliano L, Masciullo M, Bozzali M, Molinari M, Leggio M (2018) Development of a psychiatric disorder linked to cerebellar lesions. Cerebellum 17(4):438–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-018-0926-5
Manto M, Haines D (2012) Cerebellar research: two centuries of discoveries. Cerebellum 11(2):446–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-011-0336-4
Manto M, Oulad ben Taib N, Luft AR (2006) Modulation of excitability as an early change leading to structural adaptation in the motor cortex. J Neurosci Res 83(2):177–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.20733
Molinari M, Chiricozzi FR, Clausi S, Tedesco AM, De Lisa M, Leggio MG (2008) Cerebellum and detection of sequences, from perception to cognition. Cerebellum 7(4):611–615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-008-0060-x
Näätänen R, Escera C (2000) Mismatch negativity: clinical and other applications. Audiol Neurootol 5(3–4):105–110. https://doi.org/10.1159/000013874
Oulad Ben Taib N, Manto M (2013) Trains of epidural DC stimulation of the cerebellum tune corticomotor excitability. Neural Plast 2013:613197. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/613197
Oulad Ben Taib N, Manto M, Pandolfo M, Brotchi J (2005) Hemicerebellectomy blocks the enhancement of cortical motor output associated with repetitive somatosensory stimulation in the rat. J Physiol 567:293–300
Pisotta I, Molinari M (2014) Cerebellar contribution to feedforward control of locomotion. Front Hum Neurosci 8:475. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00475
Ramnani N (2006) The primate cortico-cerebellar system: anatomy and function. Nat Rev Neurosci 7(7):511–522. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1953
Ramnani N (2012) Frontal lobe and posterior parietal contributions to the Cortico-cerebellar system. Cerebellum 11(2):366–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-011-0272-3
Ramnani N, Behrens TE, Johansen-Berg H, Richter MC, Pinsk MA, Andersson JL, Rudebeck P, Ciccarelli O, Richter W, Thompson AJ, Gross CG, Robson MD, Kastner S, Matthews PM (2006) The evolution of prefrontal inputs to the Cortico-pontine system: diffusion imaging evidence from macaque monkeys and humans. Cereb Cortex 16(6):811–818. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj024
Restuccia D, Valeriani M, Barba C, Le Pera D, Capecci M, Filippini V, Molinari M (2001) Functional changes of the primary somatosensory cortex in patients with unilateral cerebellar lesions. Brain 124(Pt 4):757–768. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/124.4.757
Restuccia D, Della MG, Valeriani M, Leggio MG, Molinari M (2007) Cerebellar damage impairs detection of somatosensory input changes. A somatosensory mismatch-negativity study. Brain 130(Pt 1):276–287. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl236
Schmahmann JD, Sherman JC (1998) The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Brain 121(Pt 4):561–579. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/121.4.561
Shakiba A (2014) The role of the cerebellum in neurobiology of psychiatric disorders. Neurol Clin 32(4):1105–1115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2014.07.008
Sudarov A (2013) Defining the role of cerebellar Purkinje cells in autism Spectrum disorders. Cerebellum 12(6):950–955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-013-0490-y
Tedesco AM, Chiricozzi FR, Clausi S, Lupo M, Molinari M, Leggio MG (2011) The cerebellar cognitive profile. Brain 134(Pt 12):3672–3686. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awr266
Tesche CD, Karhu JJ (2000) Anticipatory cerebellar responses during somatosensory omission in man. Hum Brain Mapp 9(3):119–142. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(200003)9:3<119::AID-HBM2>3.0.CO;2-R
Van Overwalle F, Manto M, Cattaneo Z, Clausi S, Ferrari C, Gabrieli JDE, Guell X, Heleven E, Lupo M, Ma Q, Michelutti M, Olivito G, Pu M, Rice LC, Schmahmann JD, Siciliano L, Sokolov AA, Stoodley CJ, van Dun K, Vandervert L, Leggio M (2020) Consensus paper: cerebellum and social cognition. Cerebellum 19(6):833–868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-020-01155-1
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pisotta, I., Molinari, M. (2023). Cerebro-Cerebellar Networks. In: Gruol, D.L., Koibuchi, N., Manto, M., Molinari, M., Schmahmann, J.D., Shen, Y. (eds) Essentials of Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15070-8_55
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15070-8_55
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-15069-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-15070-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)