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Role Renin Angiotensin System in Hypertension

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The Renin Angiotensin System in Cardiovascular Disease

Part of the book series: Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease ((ABHD,volume 24))

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Abstract

Hypertension, which affects more than one billion people, is the major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease death. Although the pathophysiology of hypertension is not entirely understood, disruption of the renin angiotensin system (RAS), which includes the systemic and brain RAS, has been identified as one of the key causes of numerous forms of hypertension. As a result, developing a solid understanding of the fundamental science of RAS and the underlying processes of the signalling pathways associated with RAS may aid in the development of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of patients with cardiovascular and renal illnesses. Four kinds of angiotensin II receptors (AT1RAT4R) have been found, with AT1R playing an essential function in vasoconstriction and receiving the most attention. It has been discovered in numerous areas of the brain, and its distribution is closely related to that of angiotensin-like immunoreactivity in nerve terminals. The impact of AT1R includes the activation of various media and signalling pathways, the most prominent of which are the AT1R/JAK/STAT and Ras/Raf/MAPK pathways. Furthermore, the impact of ATR1 is linked to the regulation of the nuclear factor light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFB) and cyclic AMP response element-binding (CREB) pathways. Their action mechanisms are associated with proinflammatory and sympathetic excitatory effects. At1R is involved in nearly every type of hypertension, including spontaneous hypertension, obesity-induced hypertension, renovascular hypertension, diabetic hypertension, L-NAME-induced hypertension, stress-induced hypertension, and angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Acute and chronic central AT1R inhibition are the two forms of central AT1R blockade. The latter is possible by chemical blockage or genetic modification. This chapter study aimed to emphasize the prevalence, functions, interactions, and modulation methods of central AT1R to treat a variety of clinical disorders. The discovery of angiotensin-derived peptides and the creation of AT2R agonists may give a more comprehensive understanding of RAS and innovative treatment methods.

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Acknowledgements

We sincerely thank Aarupadai Veedu Medical College & Hospital, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Kirumampakkam, Puducherry-607403, India.

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  1. Assistant Professor, Multi-Disciplinary Centre for Biomedical Research, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Kirumampakkam, Puducherry, India, 607403

    Prithiviraj Nagarajan

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  1. Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital, Manitoba, MB, Canada

    Naranjan S. Dhalla

  2. Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Sukhwinder K. Bhullar

  3. California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Anureet K. Shah

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Nagarajan, P. (2023). Role Renin Angiotensin System in Hypertension. In: Dhalla, N.S., Bhullar, S.K., Shah, A.K. (eds) The Renin Angiotensin System in Cardiovascular Disease. Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease, vol 24. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14952-8_12

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