Abstract
Periglaciation in Scandinavia is reviewed with a focus on active and relict landforms, frost processes, permafrost distribution and landform age in plateau, steepland, low-gradient, and glacier-foreland landscapes. Scandinavian periglacial landscapes are conceptualized as complex palimpsests in a continually changing environment. Distinctive aspects in the context of Europe are emphasized and some important general periglacial research problems are highlighted. Many types of landforms are relict, at least in part, despite extensive areas where permafrost exists today, and the even more widespread occurrence of seasonal frost. Elements of the plateau landscapes and the coastal strandflat are of pre-Pleistocene age, although they owe much of their present character to frost weathering processes. Some landform types, such as blockfields, tors and cryoplanation terraces, originated before the Last (Weichselian) Glaciation and were preserved beneath Pleistocene cold-based ice sheets. Many large rock-slope failures, rock glaciers, large-scale sorted circles, raised coastal rock platforms and inland parabolic dunes are Late Weichselian or relict paraglacial features. Currently active landforms and processes, such as debris flows, solifluction, slope wash, palsas, earth hummocks, small rock-slope failures, snow-avalanche landforms and dune re-activation, continue to experience significant changes in activity in response to Holocene and anthropocene climatic variations and resulting shifts in the altitudinal limits of permafrost and seasonal frost. Altitudinal zonation of periglacial landforms is problematic because of difficulties in separating active from relict forms. Active landforms on glacier forelands, such as sorted patterned ground, may provide modern analogues for interpreting larger-scale relict features. Scandinavian periglacial landscapes have played and will likely continue to occupy an indispensable and influential position in the development of knowledge and understanding of the periglacial landscapes of Europe.
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Acknowledgements
This chapter is dedicated to Matti Seppälä, who sadly died on 24 November 2020; in appreciation of his immense contribution to periglacial geomorphology in Finland and internationally.
Several colleagues contributed photographs, including Jennifer Hill, Jan Hjort, Richard Mourne, Mons Rustøy, Olli Ruth, Peter Wilson and Stefan Winkler. Pål Ringkjøb Nielsen supplied the data for plotting Fig. 5l. We are also grateful to Ola Fredin, Charles Harris, Miska Luoto, Richard Shakesby, Peter Wilson and Stefan Winkler for reviewing and commenting on the manuscript, and to Anna Ratcliffe who prepared the figures for publication. This paper represents Jotunheimen Research Expeditions, Contribution No. 225 (see http://jotunheimenresearch.wixsite.com/home).
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Matthews, J.A., Nesje, A. (2022). Scandinavia. In: Oliva, M., Nývlt, D., Fernández-Fernández, J.M. (eds) Periglacial Landscapes of Europe. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14895-8_14
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