Skip to main content

Rethinking Approaches to Fostering Academic Resilience

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Resilience in Children

Abstract

Interventions to address the racial/ethnic “academic achievement gap” in the United States have not been successful. We argue this lack of success is, at least in part, related to a lack of recognition that racism is the root cause of racial disparities in education. In this chapter, we summarize the strengths and pitfalls of fostering academic resilience through three approaches: resilience, social-emotional and character development, and trauma-informed practices. We suggest that building on strengths of each of these approaches with a critical racial equity lens is necessary to foster academic resilience.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abaied, J. L., & Perry, S. P. (2021). Socialization of racial ideology by White parents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 27(3), 431–440. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000454

  • Abdullah, T., Graham-LoPresti, J. R., Tahirkheli, N. N., Hughley, S. M., & Watson, L. T. J. (2021). Microaggressions and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom scores among Black Americans: Exploring the link. Traumatology. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000259

  • Abraham, P., Williams, E., Bishay, A. E., Farah, I., Tamayo-Murillo, D., & Newton, I. G. (2021). The roots of structural racism in the United States and their manifestations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Academic Radiology, 28(7), 893–902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2021.03.025

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, A. (2020). Seeing race in the research on youth trauma and education: A critical review. Review of Educational Research, 90(5), 583–626. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654320938131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amemiya, J., & Wang, M. -T. (2018). African American adolescents’ gender and perceived school climate moderate how academic coping relates to achievement. Journal Of School Psychology, 69, 127–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2018.05.001.

  • Anderson, L. A. (2019). Rethinking resilience theory in African American families: Fostering positive adaptations and transformative social justice. Journal of Family Theory & Review. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12343.

  • Anderson, R. E., Saleem, F. T., & Huguley, J. P. (2019a). Choosing to see the racial stress that afflicts our Black students. Phi Delta Kappan, 101(3), 20–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R. E., Jones, S., Anyiwo, N., McKenny, M., & Gaylord-Harden, N. (2019b). What’s race got to do with it? Racial socialization’s contribution to black adolescent coping. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29(4), 822–831. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12440

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, J., Kristjánsson, K., Harrison, T., Sanderse, W., & Wright, D. (2017). Teaching character and virtue in schools. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, T. N., & McCallops, K. (2019). Perceptions of culturally responsive pedagogy in teaching SEL. Journal for Multicultural Education, 13(1), 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1108/JME-07-2017-0044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, A. (2019). Character education and the ‘priority of recognition’. Cambridge Journal of Education, 49(6), 695–710. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764x.2019.1590529

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beachum, F. D., & Gullo, G. L. (2020). School leadership: Implicit bias and social justice. In Handbook on promoting social justice in education (pp. 429–454).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bierer, L. M., Bader, H. N., Daskalakis, N. P., Lehrner, A. L., Makotkine, I., Seckl, J. R., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Elevation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity in holocaust survivor offspring: Evidence for an intergenerational effect of maternal trauma exposure. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 48, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bottiani, J. H., Bradshaw, C. P., & Mendelson, T. (2017). A multilevel examination of racial disparities in high school discipline: Black and white adolescents’ perceived equity, school belonging, and adjustment problems. Journal of Educational Psychology, 109(4), 532–545. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bottiani, J. H., McDaniel, H. L., Henderson, L., Castillo, J. E., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2020). Buffering effects of racial discrimination on school engagement: The role of culturally responsive teachers and caring school police. Journal of School Health, 90(12), 1019–1029. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12967

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, C. P., Mitchell, M. M., & Leaf, P. J. (2010). Examining the effects of schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports on study outcomes: Results from a randomized controlled effectiveness trial in elementary schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 12, 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300709334798

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brody, G. H., Yu, T., Chen, E., & Miller, G. E. (2020). Persistence of skin-deep resilience in African American adults. Health Psychology, 39(10), 921–926. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000945

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Burt, K. B., Coatsworth, J. D., & Masten, A. S. (2016). Competence and psychopathology in development. In D. Chicchetti (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 1–50). Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrd, C. M. (2017). The complexity of school racial climate: Reliability and validity of a new measure for secondary students. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 87(4), 700–721. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12179

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Causadias, J. M., & Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2018). Reframing marginalization and youth development: Introduction to the special issue. The American Psychologist, 73(6), 707–712. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000336

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chafouleas, S. M., Johnson, A. H., Overstreet, S., & Santos, N. M. (2016). Toward a blueprint for trauma-informed service delivery in schools. School Mental Health, 8(1), 144–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-015-9166-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, T. L., & Conca-Cheng, A. M. (2020). The pandemics of racism and COVID-19: Danger and opportunity. Pediatrics, 146(5), e2020024836. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-024836

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL). (2003). Safe and sound: An educational leader’s guide to evidence-based social and emotional learning (SEL) programs. CASEL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comas-Díaz, L., Hall, G. N., & Neville, H. A. (2019). Racial trauma: Theory, research, and healing: Introduction to the special issue. American Psychologist, 74(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000442

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dorado, J. S., Martinez, M., McArthur, L. E., & Leibovitz, T. (2016). Healthy Environments and Response to Trauma in Schools (HEARTS): A whole-school, multi-level, prevention and intervention program for creating trauma-informed, safe and supportive schools. School Mental Health, 8, 163–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duckworth, A. L. (2016). Grit: The power of passion and perseverance. Scribner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82(1), 405–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elias, M. J. (2009). Social-emotional and character development and academics as a dual focus of educational policy. Educational Policy, 23, 831–846.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elias, M. J., & Leverett, L. (2021). Addressing equity through culturally responsive education and SEL. National Professional Resources, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • Elias, M. J., & Ryan, D. P. (2015). The essential convergence of social-emotional learning, character, and school culture and climate for our students’ success. Tipica, Boletín Electrónico de Salud Escolar, 11(1), 38–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elias, M. J., Kress, J. S., & Neft, D. (2003). Social and emotional learning, adolescence. In T. P. Gullotta & M. Bloom (Eds.), Encyclopedia of primary prevention and health promotion (pp. 1023–1028). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • García Coll, C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., & Vázquez García, H. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67, 1891–1914. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131600

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garmezy, N. (1985). Stress-resistant children: The search for protective factors. In J. E. Stevenson (Ed.), Recent research in developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry Book Supplement No. 4 (pp. 213–233). Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce. (2019). The unequal race for good jobs: How whites made outsized gains in education and good jobs compared to blacks and latinos. http://cew.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/Full_Report-The_Unequal_Race_for_Good_Jobs.pdf

  • Hannah-Attisha, M. (2020, May 12). I am sick of asking children to be resilient. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/12/opinion/flint-inequality-race-coronavirus.html

  • Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the Well-being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 42–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hatchimonji, D. R., Linsky, A. C. V., Nayman, S. J., & Elias, M. J. (2020). Spiral model of phronesis development: Social-emotional and character development in low-resourced urban schools. Journal of Moral Education, 49(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2019.1626703

  • Hatchimonji, D. R., Flatley, C. A., Treglia, D., & Cutuli, J. J. (2021). High school students experiencing homelessness: Findings from the 2019 youth risk behavior surveillance system (YRBSS). Nemours Children’s Health System.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helms, J. E., Nicolas, G., & Green, C. E. (2012). Racism and ethnoviolence as trauma: Enhancing professional and research training. Traumatology, 18, 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765610396728

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herrenkohl, T. I., Hong, S., & Verbrugge, B. (2019). Trauma-informed programs based in schools: Linking concepts to practices and assessing the evidence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 64(1), 373–388. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12362

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jagers, R. R., Rivas-Drake, D., & Williams, B. (2019). Transformative social and emotional learning (SEL): Toward SEL in service of educational equity and excellence. Educational Psychologist, 54(3), 162–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2019.1623032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaycox, L. H., Langley, A. K., & Hoover, S. A. (2018). Cognitive behavioral intervention for trauma in schools (CBITS) (2nd ed.). Rand Corporation. Retrieved from: https://www.rand.org/pubs/tools/TL272.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T. M., Fleming, C., Williford, A., & Research and Evaluation Team of Seattle Public Schools. (2020). Racial equity in academic success: the role of school climate and social emotional learning. Child Youth Services Review, 119(2020), 105623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalisch, R., Cramer, A. O. J., Binder, H., Fritz, J., Leertouwer, I., Lunansky, G., et al. (2019). Deconstructing and reconstructing resilience: A dynamic network approach. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(5), 765–777. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619855637

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B. (1999). Toward an understanding of resilience: A critical review of definitions and models. In M. D. Glantz & J. L. Johnson (Eds.), Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations (pp. 17–83). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohli, R., Pizarro, M., & Nevárez, A. (2017). The “new racism” of K–12 schools: Centering critical research on racism. Review of Research in Education, 41(1), 182–202. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732x16686949

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuperminc, G. P., Wilkins, N. J., Roche, C., & Alvarez-Jimenez, A. (2009). Risk, resilience, and positive development among Latino youth. In F. A. Villarruel, G. Carlo, J. M. Grau, M. Azmitia, N. J. Cabrera, & T. J. Chahin (Eds.), Handbook of U. S. Latino psychology: Developmental and community-based perspectives (pp. 213–234). Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, R. M., & Overton, W. F. (2008). Exemplifying the integrations of the relational developmental system: Sythesizing theory, research, and application to promote positive development and social justice. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23(3), 245–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lesane-Brown, C. L., Scottham, K. M., Nguyên, H. X., & Sellers, R. M. (2006). The racial socialization questionnaire-teen (RSQ-t): A new measure for use with African American adolescents. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, L. L., & Lau, A. S. (2013). Teaching about race/ethnicity and racism matters: An examination of how perceived ethnic racial socialization processes are associated with depression symptoms. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19(4), 383–394. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033447

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Losen, D. J., Hodson, C., Ee, J., & Martinez, T. (2015). Disturbing inequities: Exploring the relationship between racial disparities in special education identification and discipline. In D. J. Losen (Ed.), Closing the school discipline gap: Equitable remedies for excessive exclusion (pp. 89–106). Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loyd, A. B., & Gaither, S. E. (2018). Racial/ethnic socialization for White youth: What we know and future directions. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 59, 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2018.05.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luthar, S. S. (1991). Vulnerability and resilience: A study of high-risk adolescents. Child Development, 62(3), 600–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01555.x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, I., Swartz, S., & Isaacs, D. (2017). Anti-racist moral education: A review of approaches, impact and theoretical underpinnings from 2000 to 2015. Journal of Moral Education, 46(2), 129–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahdiani, H., & Ungar, M. (2021). The dark side of resilience. Adversity and Resilience Science, 2(3), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844-021-00031-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malawa, Z., Gaarde, J., & Spellen, S. (2021). Racism as a root cause approach: A new framework. Pediatrics, 147(1), e2020015602. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-015602

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Fuentes, S., Jager, J., & Umana-Taylor, A. J. (2021). The mediation process between Latino youths’ family ethnic socialization, ethnic-racial identity, and academic engagement: Moderation by ethnic-racial discrimination? Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 27(2), 296–306. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000349

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S. (2021). Resilience of children in disasters: A multisystem perspective. International Journal Psychology, 56(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12737

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S., Lucke, C. M., Nelson, K. M., & Stallworthy, I. C. (2021). Resilience in development and psychopathology: Multisystem perspectives. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 17, 521–549. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-120307

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mattison, E., & Aber, M. S. (2007). Closing the achievement gap: The association of racial climate with achievement and behavioral outcomes. American Journal of Community Psychology, 40(1-2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9128-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McManimon, S. K., Casey, Z. A., Berchini, C., Cross, B. E., Davis, B., Irby, D. J., ... Miller, E.T. (2018). Whiteness at the table: Antiracism, racism, and identity in education: Lexington books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metzger, I. W., Anderson, R. E., Are, F., & Ritchwood, T. (2021). Healing interpersonal and racial trauma: Integrating racial socialization into trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for African American youth. Child Maltreatment, 26(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559520921457

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nash, K., Howard, J., Miller, E., Boutte, G., Johnson, G., & Reid, L. (2017). Critical racial literacy in homes, schools, and communities: Propositions for early childhood contexts. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 19(3), 256–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463949117717293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Education Statistics. (2019). Status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups 2018 (NCES 2013–037). Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Education. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2019/2019038.pdf

  • Noguera, P. A., & Angel Alicea, J. (2020). Structural racism and the urban geography of education. Phi Delta Kappan, 102(3), 51–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Office of Civil Rights. (2021). Education in a Pandemic: The Disparate Impacts of COVID-19 on America’s Students. United States Department of Education. https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/20210608-impacts-of-covid19.pdf

  • Overton, W. F. (2015). Processes, relations, and relational-developmental-systems. In Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (pp. 1–54).

    Google Scholar 

  • Osher, D., Cantor, P., Berg, J., Steyer, L. & Rose, T. (2020). Drivers of human development: How relationships and context shape learning and development. Applied Developmental Science, 24(1), 6–36, https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2017.1398650

  • Owens, M., Stevenson, J., Hadwin, J. A., & Norgate, R. (2012). Anxiety and depression in academic performance: An exploration of the mediating factors of worry and working memory. School Psychology International, 33(4), 433–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034311427433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perfect, M. M., Turley, M. R., Carlson, J. S., Yohanna, J., & Saint Gilles, M. P. (2016). School related outcomes of traumatic event exposure and traumatic stress symptoms in students: A systematic review of research from 1990 to 2015. School Mental Health, 8, 7–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-016-9175-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, S. P., Skinner, A. L., & Abaied, J. L. (2019). Bias awareness predicts color conscious racial socialization methods among white parents. Journal of Social Issues, 75(4), 1035–1056. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, A. (2020). Character education, the individual and the political. Journal of Moral Education, 49(2), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2019.1653270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Priest, N., Alam, O., Truong, M., Sharples, R., Nelson, J., Dunn, K., et al. (2021). Promoting proactive bystander responses to racism and racial discrimination in primary schools: A mixed methods evaluation of the ‘speak out against racism’ program pilot. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1434. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11469-2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes, J. A., Elias, M. J., Parker, S., & Rosenblatt, J. L. (2012). Promoting educational equity in disadvantaged youth: The role of resilience and social-emotional learning. In S. Goldstein & R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (2nd ed., pp. 349–370). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridgard, T. J., Laracy, S. D., Dupaul, G. J., Shapiro, E. S., & Power, T. J. (2015). Trauma-informed care in schools: A social justice imperative. Communiqué, 44(2), 12–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolf, J. (1999). Resilience: An interview with Norman Garmezy. In M. Glantz & J. Johnson (Eds.), Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations (pp. 5–17). Klewar Academic/Plenum Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roosa, M. W., Morgan-Lopez, A. A., Cree, W. K., & Specter, M. M. (2002). Ethnic culture, poverty, and context: Sources of influence on Latino families and children. In J. M. Contreras, K. A. Kerns, & A. M. Neal-Barnett (Eds.), Latino children and families in the United States: Current research and future directions (pp. 27–44). Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, H. L., & Trickett, E. J. (2018). Student diversity representation and reporting in universal school-based social and emotional learning programs: Implications for generalizability. Educational Psychology Review, 30(2), 559–583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santiago, C. D., Raviv, T., Ros, A. M., Brewer, S. K., Distel, L. M. L., Torres, S. A., et al. (2018). Implementing the bounce Back trauma intervention in urban elementary schools: A real-world replication trial. School Psychology Quarterly, 33, 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlund, J., Jagers, R., & Schlinger, M. (2020). Emerging insights on advancing Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) as a lever for equity and excellence. CASEL. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/CASELEquityInsights

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. W. H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skiba, R. J., Horner, R. H., Chung, C.-G., Rausch, M., May, S. L., & Tobin, T. (2011). Race is not neutral: A national investigation of African American and Latino disproportionality in school discipline. School Psychology Review, 40, 85–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slopen, N., Shonkoff, J. P., Albert, M. A., Yoshikawa, H., Jacobs, A., Stoltz, R., & Williams, D. R. (2016). Racial disparities in child adversity in the U. S. : Interactions with family immigration history and income. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.013

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sondel, B., Kretchmar, K., & Hadley Dunn, A. (2022). “Who do these people want teaching their children?” White saviorism, colorblind racism, and anti-blackness in “No Excuses” charter schools. Urban Education, 57(9), 1621–1650. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085919842618

  • Stevenson, H. C. (2014). Promoting racial literacy in schools: Differences that make a difference. Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W. (2013). Race talk: The psychology of racial dialogues. American Psychologist, 68(8), 663–672. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033681

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., Lin, A. I., Torino, G. C., Capodilupo, C. M., & Rivera, D. P. (2009). Racial microaggressions and difficult dialogues on race in the classroom. American Psychologist, 15(2), 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, R., Weissberg, R., Oberle, E., & Durlak, J. (2017). Promoting positive youth development through school-based social and emotional learning interventions: A meta-analysis of follow-up effects. Child Development, 88(4), 1156–1171. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12864

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Transdisciplinary Resistance Collective for Research and Policy, Neely, A. N., Ivey, A. S., Duarte, C., Poe, J., & Irsheid, S. (2020). Building the Transdisciplinary Resistance Collective for Research and Policy: Implications for ismantling structural racism as a determinant of health inequity. Ethnicity & Disease, 30(3), 381–388. https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.30.3.381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Truss, J. (2019, July 18). What happened when my school started to dismantle white supremacy culture. . https://www.edweek.org/leadership/opinion-what-happened-when-my-school-started-to-dismantle-white-supremacy-culture/2019/07

  • U. S. Census Bureau. (2020). Current population survey, 1960 to 2020 annual social and economic supplement.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waasdorp, T. E., Bradshaw, C. P., & Leaf, P. J. (2012). The impact of schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports on bullying and peer rejection. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 166, 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.755

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, M. T., & Huguley, J. P. (2012). Parental racial socialization as a moderator of the effects of racial discrimination on educational success among African American adolescents. Child Development, 83, 1716–1731. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01808.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, A. S. & Cordova-Cobo, D. (2021). The post-pandemic pathway to anti-racist education: Building a coalition across progressive, multicultural, culturally responsive, and ethnic studies advocates. The century foundation. https://tcf.org/content/report/post-pandemic-pathway-anti-racist-education-building-coalition-across-progressive-multicultural-culturally-responsive-ethnic-studies-advocates/

  • White, G. W., Stepney, C. T., Hatchimonji, D. R., Linsky, A. V., & Elias, M. J. (2016). The increasing impact of socioeconomics and race on standardized academic test scores across elementary, middle and high school. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86(1), 10–23. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26752444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M. T., Kanter, J. W., & Ching, T. H. W. (2018a). Anxiety, stress, and trauma symptoms in African Americans: Negative affectivity does not explain the relationship between microaggressions and psychopathology. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 5(5), 919–927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-017-0440-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M. T., Printz, D. M. B., & DeLapp, R. C. T. (2018b). Assessing racial trauma with the trauma symptoms of discrimination scale. Psychology of Violence, 8(6), 735–747. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000212

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hatchimonji, D.R., Reyes-Portillo, J.A., Elias, M.J. (2023). Rethinking Approaches to Fostering Academic Resilience. In: Goldstein, S., Brooks, R.B. (eds) Handbook of Resilience in Children. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14728-9_24

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics