Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Waste Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Technologies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Recycling Technologies for Secondary Zn-Pb Resources

Part of the book series: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series ((MMMS))

  • 420 Accesses

Abstract

The growing of collected waste lead-acid battery quantity means the growing demand for secondary lead (Pb) material for car batteries, both needed for increased cars’ production and for replacing of waste batteries for the increased number of automobiles in service. Pb recycling is critical to keep pace with growing energy storage needs. In recent years, tightening emission regulations have forced many developed country smelters to close. This has driven battery manufacturers and distributors to increasingly rely upon unregulated smelting operations in developing nations, negatively impacting the environment and human health. Therefore, finding a cleaner and more cost-efficient Pb recovery and recycling method is critical to the Pb recycling community.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

ALABC:

Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium

CH3COOH:

Acetic acid

C4H6O6:

Tartaric acid

C6H8O7:

Citric acid

CaO:

Lime

CRT:

Cathode Ray Tubes

EAF:

Electric Arc Furnace

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetra Acetic Acid

EoL:

End of Life

EW:

Electrowinning

EU:

European Union

HBF4:

Fluoboric

HCl:

Hydrochloric acid

HEV:

Hybrid Electrical Vehicle

H2SO4:

Sulphuric acid

HNO3:

Nitric acid

H2SiF6:

Fluosilic

LC:

Lead-Carbon

Na2CO3:

Soda ash

NaOH:

Caustic soda

Pb:

Lead

PP:

Polypropylene

RTO:

Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer

USBM:

United States Bureau of Mines

VOC:

Volatile Organic Compound

VRLA:

Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Battery

WESP:

Wet Electrostatic Precipitator

References

  • Andrews D, Raychaudhuri A, Frias C (2000) Environmentally sound technologies for recycling secondary lead. J Power Sources 88(1):124–129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal A, Sahu KK, Panday BC (2004) Recent trends and current practices for secondary processing of zinc and lead: part 1: lead recovery from secondary sources. Waste Manage Res 22:240–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arai K, Toguri JM (1984) Hydrometallurgy 12:49–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Badanoıu G, Bazuta T, Bazuta M, Butu M (2013) Study concerning PbO solubility in NaOH solution for the treatment of sulfate-oxide pastes obtained from dismantling used lead-acid batteries. Rev Chim (Buchatest) 64(3):1004-1010

    Google Scholar 

  • Badanoıu G et al (2014) Study of PbSO4 solubilization in NaOH solution for the treatment of oxide-sulphite pastes obtained from dismembered lead-acid batteries. U.P.B. Sci Bul Ser B 26(1):209–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Battery University (2016) BU-201: How does the Lead Acid Battery Work? http://batteryuniversity.comlearn/article/lead_based_batteries. Accessed 5 April 21

  • Bernardes AM, Espinosa DCR, Tenório JS (2004) Recycling of batteries: a review of current processes and technologies. J Power Sources 130(1–2):291–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Best Available Techniques (BAT) reference, 2014. Document for the non-ferrous metals industries final draft: 1242

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen TT, Dutrizac JE (1996) The mineralogical characterization of lead-acid battery paste. Hydrometallurgy 40(1–2):223–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-386X(94)00081-D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen W, Tian Y, Bian K, Zheng Y (1996) Basic electrolytic method for recovery of lead from scrap batteries. Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China (English Edition) 6(4):47–51

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen W, Tian Y (1997) Recovery of lead from waste battery slimes. Nonfer. Met. 49–64:7 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen CS, Shih YJ, Huang YH (2016) Recovery of lead from smelting fly ash of waste lead-acid battery by leaching and electrowinning. Waste Manage 52:212–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators and repealing directive 91/157/EEC, Orkesterjournalen L 266 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • DPT (2001) State planning organization, eighth five-year development plan, mining special expertise commission report, metal mines Sub-Commission Lead-Zınc-cadmium working group Report. 167 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutrizac JE, Mounsey EN, Piret NL (Eds) (2000) Lead-Zinc, TMS, pp 149–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Egan RC, Rao VM, Libsch EC (1980) Cigan JM, Mackey TS, O'Keefe TJ (Eds), Lead-Zinc-Tin ‘80, Metall. Soc. AIME, pp 953–973

    Google Scholar 

  • EPA (2012) Federal register, Part II 77(3):559

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferracin LC, Chácon-Sanhueza AE, Davoglio RA, Rocha LO, Caffeu DJ, Fontanetti AR, Bocchi N (2002) Lead recovery from a typical Brazilian sludge of exhausted lead-acid batteries using an electrohydrometallurgical process. Hydrometallurgy 65:137–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Forrest H, Wilson JD (1990) Mackey TS, Prengaman RD (Eds), Lead-Zinc ‘90, TMS, pp 971–999

    Google Scholar 

  • Gong Y, Dutrizac JE, Chen TT (1992) The conversion of lead sulphate to leadcarbonate in sodium carbonate media. Hydrometallurgy 28:399–421

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kammer U, Schenker U, Wieden HD (1993) Hager JP (Ed), EPD congress, pp 917–926

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar et al (2006) Lead recycling. P. British Pat., GB0622249.1. 2006–08–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Laubertova M, Piroskova J, Dociova S (2017) The technology of lead production from waste. Erzmetall 70:47–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Zhu X, Yang D, Gao L, Liu J, Kumar RV, Yang J (2012) Preparation and characterization of nano-structured lead oxide from spent lead-acid battery paste. J. Hazard Mater 203:274–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li et al (2013) Lead citrate precursor route to synthesize nano-structural lead oxide from spent lead-acid battery paste. J Mater Res Bull 48:1700–1708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.01.031

  • Liu J et al (2018) Evaluation of ammonium citrate tribasic as a leaching reagent for a lead-bearing ore, Physicochem. Probl Miner Process 55(3):689–700. https://doi.org/10.5277/ppmp18183

  • Liu W, Deng X, Zhang D, Yang T, Chen L (2018) A clean process of lead recovery from spent lead paste on hydrothermal reduction. Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China 28:2360–2367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu X, Ning P-H, Lee K, Shih F, Wang EYZ (2017) Transformation of hazardous lead into lead ferrite ceramics: crystal structures and their role in lead leaching. J. Hazard Mater 336:139–145

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyakov N et al (2007) Desulphurization of damped battery paste by sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide. J Power Sources 171(2):960–965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.06.014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma Y, Qui K (2015) Recovery of lead from lead paste in spent lead-acid battery by hydrometallurgical desulfurization and vacuum thermal reduction. Waste Manage 40:151–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.03.010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma N (2016) Recycling of basic oxygen furnace steelmaking dust by in-process separation of zinc from dust. J Cleaner Prod 112:4497–4504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma C, Shu Y, Chen H (2016a) Leaching of spent lead paste by oxalate and sodium oxalate solution and prepared leady oxide powder in nitrogen and air for lead-acid battery. J Electrochem Soc 163(10):A2240–A2247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma C, Shu Y, Chen H (2016b) Preparation of high-purity lead oxide from the spent lead paste by low-temperature burning and hydrometallurgical processing with ammonium acetate solution. RSC Adv 6(25):21148–21155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthew SP (1990) Mackey TS, Prengaman RD (Eds), Lead-Zinc ‘90, TMS, pp 889–901

    Google Scholar 

  • Melin AE (1992) Annual Meeting 1992 of the European Tin and Lead Smelters Club. Munich, Germany, pp 1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Millotte D (2005). in: Fujisawa T, Dutrizac JE, Fuwa A, Piret NL, Siegmund A (Eds), Lead-Zinc ‘05, pp 885–898

    Google Scholar 

  • Ning P, Pan J, Li X, Zhou Y, Chen, J, Wang J (2016) Accelerated desulphurization of waste lead battery paste in a high-gravity rotating packed bed. Chem Eng Proc Process Intensification 104:148–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Prengaman RD (1995) Recovering lead from batteries. JOM 47(1):31–33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prengaman RD, Lam TM (2005) in Fujisawa T, Dutrizac JE, Fuwa A, Piret NL, Sigmund A (Eds), Lead-zinc’05, 1375–1389

    Google Scholar 

  • Prengaman RD, Mirza AH (2017) Recycling concept for lead-acid batteries, Lead-acid batteries for future automobiles, Chapter 20, pp 575–598.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63700-0.00020-9

  • Queneau PB, Cregar DE, Mickey DR (1989) Jaeck ML (Ed), Primary and secondary lead processing, 28th conference of metallurgists, CIM, Halifax Pergamon Press, pp 145–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramus K, Hawkins P (1993) Lead/acid battery recycling and the new Isasmelt process. J Power Sources 42(1–2):299–313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes NRR, Vargas LE, Perez SS (2018) Thermokinetics of lead leaching from recycled batteries. IngenieriaYdesarrollo Universidad Del North 36(1):155–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts H (2020) Evaluation of global secondary lead production. In: Siegmund A et al (eds) PbZn 2020: 9th international symposium on lead and zinc processing, TMS. Springer, p 3

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz W, Haase W (1964) NML Tech. J. Jamshedpur India 6:42–44

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonmez MS, Kumar RV (2009a). Leaching of waste battery paste components. Part 2: leaching and desulphurisation of PbSO4 by citric acid and sodium citrate solution, Hydrometallurgy 95(1–2):82–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.04.019

  • Sonmez MS, Kumar RV (2009b) Hydrometallurgy 95:53–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonmez MS, Kumar RV (2008a) Leaching of waste battery paste components. Part 2: leaching and desulphurisation of PbSO4 by citric acid and sodium citrate solution. J Hydrometallurgy 95:82–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2008b.04.019

  • Sonmez K (2008b) Leaching of waste battery paste components. Part 1: lead citrate synthesis from PbO and PbO2. J Hydrometall 95:53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2008a.04.012

  • Sun X, Li H, Zhu X, Zhang W, Hu Y, Yang J (2013) Study on effects of complex desulfurizer on the desulfurization ratio of lead pastes from the used lead-acid battery. Chinese Labat Man 4:002

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun X, Yang J, Zhang W, Zhu X, Hu Y, Yang D, Yuan X, Yu W, Dong H, Wang L, Li RVK, Liang S (2014) Lead acetate trihydrate precursor route to synthesize novel ultrafine lead oxide from spent lead-acid battery pastes. J Power Sources 269:565–576

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun Z, Cao H, Zhang X, Lin X, Zheng W, Cao G, Sun Y, Zhang Y (2017) Spent lead-acid battery recycling in China—a review and sustainable analyses on the mass flow of lead. Waste Manage 64:190–201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan S-Y, Payne, Hallett JP, Kelsall GH (2019) Developments in electrochemical processes for recycling lead-acid batteries. Current Opinion Electrochemi 16:83-89, ISSN 2451-9103.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2019.04.023

  • Tian X, Wu Y, Hou P, Liang S, Qu S, Xu M, Zuo T (2017) Environmental impact and economic assessment of secondary lead production: comparison of main spent lead-acid battery recycling processes in China. J Clean Prod 144:142–148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torabi F, Ahmadi P (2020) Simulation of battery systems. Academic Press, pp 1–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816212-5.00005-2

  • USGS (2021) Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number. https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs087-02/

  • Vest H (2002) Fundamentals of the recycling of lead-acid batteries. Eschborn, Germany. http://www.gtz.de/gate/

  • Weijma J, Hoop K, Bosma W, Dijkman H (2002) Biological conversion of anglesite and lead waste from spent car batteries to galena. Biotech Prog 18:770–775

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood J, Coveney J, Hoang J, Reuter MA (2009) Small-scale secondary lead processing using ausmelt TSL technology, small-scale secondary lead processing using ausmelt TSL technology, Secondary lead conference, Macau, 30–31st August 2009 (preprints)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu X (2020) Application of CSC technology in nonferrous metallurgy, PbZn 2020. In: Siegmund A et al. (eds) 9th international symposium on lead and zinc processing, TMS. Springer

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanakieva VP, Haralampiev GA, Lyakov NK (2000) Desulphurization of the damped lead battery pastes with potassium carbonate. J Power Sources 85(1):178–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ye L, Duan L, Liu W, Hu Y, Ouyang Z, Yang S,Xia Z (2020) A facile method for preparing a nano lead powder by vacuum decomposition from spent lead-acid battery paste: leaching and desulfuration in tartaric acid and sodium tartrate mixed lixivium, Hydrometallurgy, 197

    Google Scholar 

  • Yi H, Yang Z, Yufeng W, Xi T, Xiaoqin J (2019)Tracking flows of secondary vehicle batteries in China, resources, conservation and recycling 142:34–36, ISSN 0921–3449, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.11.016

  • Yu W et al. (2019) A low emission strategy to recover lead compound products directly from spent lead-acid battery paste: key issue of impurities removal. J Cleaner Prod 210:1534–1544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.133

  • Zhang Q (2013) The current status on the recycling of lead-acid batteries in China. Int J Electrochem Sci 8:6457–6466

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W et al (2016) A critical review on secondary lead recycling technology and its prospects. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 61:108–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.046

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Sun Y, Pan J (2017) A clean and highly efficient leaching-electrodeposition lead recovery route in HClO4 Solution. Int J Electrochem Sci 12:6966–6979

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu X, Li L, Sun X, Yang D, Gao L, Liu J, Kumar RV, Yang J (2012) Preparation of basic lead oxide from spent lead-acid battery paste via chemical conversion. Hydrometallurgy 117–118:24–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu X, He X, Yang J, Liu J, Yang D et al (2013a) Leaching of spent lead-acid battery paste components by sodium citrate and acetic acid. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volumes 250–251:387–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu X, Li L, Liu J, Kumar RW Yang J (2013b) Leaching properties of lead paste in spent lead acid battery with a hydrometallurgical process at room temperature. Envitron Eng Manag J, 12

    Google Scholar 

Websites

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mining Engineering, Division of Mineral Processing, Cukurova University, Adana, 01330, Turkey

    Mahmut Altiner

  2. Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, 38100, Turkey

    Soner Top

  3. Batman University, Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Department, Batman, 72000, Turkey

    Sait Kursunoglu

Authors
  1. Mahmut Altiner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Soner Top
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sait Kursunoglu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mahmut Altiner .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey

    Muammer Kaya

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Altiner, M., Top, S., Kursunoglu, S. (2023). Waste Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Technologies. In: Kaya, M. (eds) Recycling Technologies for Secondary Zn-Pb Resources. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14685-5_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation