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Treatment Modalities and Enucleation

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Pediatric Vitreoretinal Surgery

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Abstract

Retinoblastoma is the most common pediatric primary intraocular malignancy. The current available treatments include focal treatment (cryotherapy and transpupillary thermotherapy), chemotherapy (intravenous, intra-arterial, intravitreal, and intracameral), radiation (plaque and external beam), and enucleation. The International Classification of Retinoblastoma was developed to identify outcomes and response to treatment by grouping tumors into categories based on tumor size, location, exudative retinal detachment, associated subretinal and/or vitreous seeding, and other signs of advanced disease. Additionally, laterality, extent of disease, presence of a germline mutation, parental and physician preference and availability of treatment options also play a role in treatment choice. While treatment options have evolved, the main goal remains to save the patient’s life first, and then to salvage the globe and maximize vision when possible.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

    Linnet Rodriguez

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Maura Di Nicola, Jared J. Ebert & Basil K. Williams

Authors
  1. Linnet Rodriguez
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  2. Maura Di Nicola
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  3. Jared J. Ebert
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  4. Basil K. Williams
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Linnet Rodriguez .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Gazi University School of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye

    Şengül Özdek

  2. Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami University, Florida, FL, USA

    Audina Berrocal

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden

    Ulrich Spandau

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Rodriguez, L., Di Nicola, M., Ebert, J.J., Williams, B.K. (2023). Treatment Modalities and Enucleation. In: Özdek, Ş., Berrocal, A., Spandau, U. (eds) Pediatric Vitreoretinal Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14506-3_62

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14506-3_62

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-14505-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-14506-3

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