Abstract
This chapter discusses the nature of and treatment for pediatric post-traumatic stress disorder. The chapter starts with a discussion of clinical characteristics of the condition. Approaches to evidence-based assessment and cognitive-behavioral treatment are discussed. Future directions are highlighted.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ali-Saleh Darawshy, N., Gewirtz, A., & Marsalis, S. (2020). Psychological intervention and prevention programs for child and adolescent exposure to community violence: A systematic review. Clinical Child Family Psychology Review, 23, 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-020-00315-3
Alisic, E., Zalta, A. K., van Wesel, F., Larsen, S. E., Hafstad, G. S., Hassanpour, K., & Smid, G. E. (2014). Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: Meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 204(5), 335–340. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131227
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
Anderson, K., & Van Ee, E. (2018). Mothers and children exposed to intimate partner violence: A review of treatment interventions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 1955. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091955
Andrews, A. R., Jobe-Shields, L., López, C. M., Metzger, I. W., de Arellano, M. A. R., Saunders, B., & Kilpatrick, D. (2015). Polyvictimization, income, and ethnic differences in trauma-related mental health during adolescence. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(8), 1223–1234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1077-3
Bartlett, J. D., Griffin, J. L., Spinazzola, J., Fraser, J. G., Noroña, C. R., Bodian, R., Todd, M., Montagna, C., & Barto, B. (2018). The impact of a statewide trauma-informed care initiative in child welfare on the well-being of children and youth with complex trauma. Children and Youth Services Review, 84, 110–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.11.015
Black, P. J., Woodworth, M., Tremblay, M., & Carpenter, T. (2012). A review of trauma-informed treatment for adolescents. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 53(3), 192–203. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028441
Brown, E. J., Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (2020). Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy: The role of caregivers. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.123
Brown, E. J., Goodman, R. F., Cohen, J. A., et al. (2020). An exploratory trial of cognitive-behavioral vs client-centered therapies for child-mother dyads bereaved from terrorism. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 13, 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-019-00264-2
Brown, R. C., Witt, A., Fegert, J. M., Keller, F., Rassenhofer, M., & Plener, P. L. (2017). Psychosocial interventions for children and adolescents after man-made and natural disasters: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 47(11), 1893–1905. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717000496
Carrion, V. G., Kletter, H., Weems, C. F., Berry, R. R., & Rettger, J. P. (2013). Cue-centered treatment for youth exposed to interpersonal violence: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(6), 654–662. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21870
Cisler, J. M., Sigel, B. A., Kramer, T. L., Smitherman, S., Vanderzee, K., Pemberton, J., & Kilts, C. D. (2015). Amygdala response predicts trajectory of symptom reduction during Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy among adolescent girls with PTSD. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 71, 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.09.011
Cloitre, M., Heffernan, K., Cohen, L., & Alexander, L. (2001). STAIR/MPE: A phase-based treatment for the multiply traumatized. Unpublished manual.
Cohen, J. A., Deblinger, E., & Mannarino, A. P. (2018). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children and families. Psychotherapy Research, 28(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2016.1208375
Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. (1996). A treatment outcome study for sexually abused preschool children: Initial findings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(1), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199601000-00011
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Berliner, L., & Deblinger, E. (2000). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents: An empirical update. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15(11), 1202–1223. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626000015011007
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Iyengar, S. (2011). Community treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder for children exposed to intimate partner violence: A randomized controlled trial. Archives Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 165(1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.247
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Kliethermes, M., & Murray, L. A. (2012). Trauma-focused CBT for youth with complex trauma. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(6), 528–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.03.007
Curran, E., Adamson, G., Rosato, M., De Cock, P., & Leavey, G. (2018). Profiles of childhood trauma and psychopathology: US national epidemiologic survey. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53(11), 1207–1219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1525-y
Danielson, C. K., McCart, M. R., de Arellano, M. A., Macdonald, A., Doherty, L. S., & Resnick, H. S. (2010). Risk reduction for substance use and trauma-related psychopathology in adolescent sexual assault victims: Findings from an open trial. Child maltreatment, 15(3), 261–268.
Danielson, C. K., McCart, M. R., Walsh, K., de Arellano, M. A., White, D., & Resnick, H. S. (2012). Reducing substance use risk and mental health problems among sexually assaulted adolescents: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(4), 628–635. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028862
Deblinger, E., Lippmann, J., & Steer, R. (1996). Sexually abused children suffering posttraumatic stress symptoms: Initial treatment outcome findings. Child Maltreatment, 1(4), 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559596001004003
Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J. A., Runyon, M. K., & Steer, R. A. (2011). Trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children: Impact of the trauma narrative and treatment length. Depression & Anxiety, 28(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20744
Deblinger, E., Pollio, E., & Dorsey, S. (2016). Applying trauma-focused cognitive–behavioral therapy in group format. Child Maltreatment, 21(1), 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559515620668
Deblinger, E., Stauffer, L. B., & Steer, R. A. (2001). Comparative efficacies of supportive and cognitive behavioral group therapies for young children who have been sexually abused and their nonoffending mothers. Child Maltreatment, 6(4), 332–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559501006004006
Deblinger, E., Steer, R., & Lippman, J. (1999). Two-year follow-up study of cognitive behavioral therapy for sexually abused children suffering post-traumatic symptoms. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23(12), 1371–1378. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(99)00091-5
Dorsey, S., Lucid, L., Martin, P., King, K. M., O’Donnell, K., Murray, L. K., Wasonga, A. I., Itemba, D. K., Cohen, J. A., Manongi, R., & Whetten, K. (2020). Effectiveness of task-shifted trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children who experienced parental death and posttraumatic stress in Kenya and Tanzania a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(5), 464–473. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4475
Dorsey, S., McLaughlin, K. A., Kerns, S. E. U., Harrison, J. P., Lambert, H. K., Briggs, E. C., Revillion Cox, J., & Amaya-Jackson, L. (2017). Evidence base update for psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents exposed to traumatic events. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46(3), 303–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1220309
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 38(4), 319–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0
Ennis, N., Shorer, S., Shoval-Zuckerman, Y., Freedman, S., Monson, C. M., & Dekel, R. (2020). Treating posttraumatic stress disorder across cultures: A systematic review of cultural adaptations of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapies. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(4), 587–611. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22909
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. (2004). EMDR Institute, Inc. Retrieved August 18, 2009 from http://www.emdr.com/
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L. (2015). Prevalence of childhood exposure to violence, crime, and abuse: Results from the national survey of children’s exposure to violence. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(8), 746–754. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0676
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20
Foa, E. B., McLean, C. P., Capaldi, S., & Rosenfield, D. (2013). Prolonged exposure vs supportive counseling for sexual abuse–related PTSD in adolescent girls: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 310(24), 2650–2657. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.282829
Foa, E. B., Steketee, G., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1989). Behavioral/cognitive conceptualizations of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy, 20(2), 155–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(89)80067-X
Ford, J. D., Steinberg, K. L., Hawke, J., Levine, J., & Zhang, W. (2012). Randomized trial comparison of emotion regulation and relational psychotherapies for PTSD with girls involved in delinquency. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.632343
Gormez, V., Nur Kılıç, H., Orengul, A. C., Demir, M. N., Mert, E. B., Makhlouta, B., Kılık, K., & Semerci, B. (2017). Evaluation of a school-based, teacher-delivered psychological intervention group program for trauma-affected Syrian refugee children in Istanbul, Turkey. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27(2), 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750573.2017.1304748
Graham-Bermann, S. A. (1992). The Kids’ Club: A preventive intervention program for children of battered women. University of Michigan.
Graham-Bermann, S. A., Miller-Graff, L. E., Howell, K. H., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2015). An efficacy trial of an intervention program for children exposed to intimate partner violence. Child Psychiatry Human Development, 46(6), 928–939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-015-0532-4
Gudiño, O. G., Leonard, S., & Cloitre, M. (2016). STAIR-A for girls: A pilot study of a skills-based group for traumatized youth in an urban school setting. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 9(1), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-015-0061-0
Gudiño, O. G., Weis, J. R., Havens, J. F., Biggs, E. A., Diamond, U. N., Marr, M., Jackson, C., & Cloitre, M. (2014). Group trauma-informed treatment for adolescent psychiatric inpatients: A preliminary uncontrolled trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(4), 496–500. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21928
Gutermann, J., Schreiber, F., Matulis, S., Schwartzkopff, L., Deppe, J., & Steil, R. (2016). Psychological treatments for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in children, adolescents, and young adults: A meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 19(2), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-016-0202-5
Gutermann, J., Schwartzkopff, L., & Steil, R. (2017). Meta-analysis of the long-term treatment effects of psychological interventions in youth with PTSD symptoms. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 20(4), 422–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-017-0242-5
Hagan, M. J., Browne, D. T., Sulik, M., Ippen, C. G., Bush, N., & Lieberman, A. F. (2017). Parent and child trauma symptoms during child-parent psychotherapy: A prospective cohort study of dyadic change. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(6), 690–697. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22240
Hahn, A. M., Adams, Z. W., Chapman, J., McCart, M. R., Sheidow, A. J., de Arellano, M. A., & Danielson, C. K. (2020). Risk reduction through family therapy (RRFT): Protocol of a randomized controlled efficacy trial of an integrative treatment for co-occurring substance use problems and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents who have experienced interpersonal violence and other traumatic events. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 93, 106012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2020.106012
Hébert, M., & Daignault, I. V. (2015). Challenges in treatment of sexually abused preschoolers: A pilot study of TF-CBT in Quebec. Sexologies: European Journal of Sexology and Sexual Health/Revue Européenne de Sexologie et de Santé Sexuelle, 24(1), e21–e27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sexol.2014.09.003
Jaberghaderi, N., Rezaei, M., Kolivand, M., & Shokoohi, A. (2019). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in child victims of domestic violence. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 14(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v14i1.425
Jaycox, L. H., Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Walker, D. W., Langley, A. K., Gegenheimer, K. L., et al. (2010). Children's mental health care following Hurricane Katrina: A field trial of trauma-focused psychotherapies. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(2), 223–231.
Jaycox, L. H., Kataoka, S. H., Stein, B. D., Langley, A. K., & Wong, M. (2012). Cognitive behavioral intervention for trauma in schools. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 28(3), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377903.2012.695766
Jaycox, L. H., Langley, A. K., Stein, B. D., Wong, M., Sharma, P., Scott, M., & Schonlau, M. (2009). Support for students exposed to trauma: A pilot study. School Mental Health, 1, 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-009-9007-8
Jordans, M. J., Pigott, H., & Tol, W. A. (2016). Interventions for children affected by armed conflict: A systematic review of mental health and psychosocial support in low- and middle-income countries. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(9). https://doi.org/10.1007/2Fs11920-015-0648-z
Kataoka, S., Jaycox, L. H., Wong, M., Nadeem, E., Langley, A., Tang, L., & Stein, B. D. (2011). Effects on school outcomes in low-income minority youth: Preliminary findings from a community-partnered study of a school-based trauma intervention. Ethnicity & Disease, 21(3 Suppl 1), S1–S77.
Kolko, D. J. (1996a). Clinical monitoring of treatment course in child physical abuse: Psychometric characteristics and treatment comparisons. Child Abuse Neglect, 20(1), 23–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(95)00113-1
Kolko, D. J. (1996b). Individual cognitive behavioral treatment and family therapy for physically abused children and their offending parents: A comparison of clinical outcomes. Child Maltreatment, 1(4), 322–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559596001004004
Kolko, D. J., Brown, E. J., Shaver, M., Baumann, B. L., & Herschell, A. D. (2011). Alternatives for families: A cognitive-behavioral therapy: Session guide. Version 3.0 (11-1-11). University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
Kolko, D. J., Herschell, A. D., Baumann, B. L., Hart, J. A., & Wisniewski, S. R. (2018). AF-CBT for families experiencing physical aggression or abuse served by the mental health or child welfare system: An effectiveness trial. Child Maltreatment, 23(4), 319–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559518781068
Lee, C. W., Taylor, G., & Drummond, P. D. (2006). The active ingredient in EMDR: Is it traditional exposure or dual focus attention? Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13(2), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.479
Lieberman, A. F., Ghosh Ippen, C., & Horn, V. (2015). Don’t hit my mommy: A manual for Child-Parent Psychotherapy with young children exposed to violence and other trauma (2nd ed.). Zero to Three.
Lieberman, A. F., Van Horn, P., & Ippen, C. G. (2005). Toward evidence-based treatment: Child-parent psychotherapy with preschoolers exposed to marital violence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(12), 1241–1248. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000181047.59702.58
Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J. A., Deblinger, E., Runyon, M. K., & Steer, R. A. (2012). Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for children: Sustained impact of treatment 6 and 12 months later. Child Maltreatment, 17(3), 231–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559512451787
Martin, C. G., Everett, Y., Skowron, E. A., & Zalewski, M. (2019). The role of caregiver psychopathology in the treatment of childhood trauma with trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy: A systematic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 22(3), 273–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00290-4
Mavranezouli, I., Megnin-Viggars, O., Daly, C., Dias, S., Stockton, S., Meiser-Stedman, R., Trickey, D., & Pilling, S. (2020). Research review: Psychological and psychosocial treatments for children and young people with post-traumatic stress disorder: A network meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 61(1), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13094
McMullen, J., O'Callaghan, P., Shannon, C., Black, A., & Eakin, J. (2013). Group trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy with former child soldiers and other war-affected boys in the DR Congo: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(11), 1231–1241. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12094
Michael, T., Halligan, S. L., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2007). Rumination in posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 24(5), 307–317. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20228
Miller-Graff, L. E., & Campion, K. (2016). Interventions for posttraumatic stress with children exposed to violence: Factors associated with treatment success. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(3), 226–248. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22238
Mitchell, R., Brennan, K., Curran, D., Hanna, D., & Dyer, K. F. (2017). A meta-analysis of the association between appraisals of trauma and posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(1), 88–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22157
Moreno-Alcázar, A., Treen, D., Valiente-Gómez, A., Sio-Eroles, A., Pérez, V., Amann, B. L., & Radua, J. (2017). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in children and adolescent with post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01750
Murray, L. K., Familiar, I., Skavenski, S., Jere, E., Cohen, J., Imasiku, M., Mayeya, J., Bass, J. K., & Bolton, P. (2013). An evaluation of trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children in Zambia. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(12), 1175–1185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.04.017
Najavits, L. M., Gallop, R. J., & Weiss, R. D. (2006). Seeking safety therapy for adolescent girls with PTSD and substance use disorder: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 33(4), 453–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-006-9034-2
Nocon, A., Eberle-Sejari, R., Unterhitzenberger, J., & Rosner, R. (2017). The effectiveness of psychosocial interventions in war-traumatized refugee and internally displaced minors: Systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1388709
O’Callaghan, P., McMullen, J., Shannon, C., Rafferty, H., & Black, A. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for sexually exploited, war-affected Congolese girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(4), 359–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.01.013
Parker, B., & Turner, W. (2014). Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic psychotherapy for sexually abused children and adolescents: A systematic review. Research on Social Work Practice, 24(4), 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731514525477
Peterman, J. S., Read, K. L., Wei, C., & Kendall, P. C. (2015). The art of exposure: Putting science into practice. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 22(3), 379–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.02.003
Pfeiffer, E., Sachser, C., de Haan, A., Tutus, D., & Goldbeck, L. (2017). Dysfunctional posttraumatic cognitions as a mediator of symptom reduction in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with children and adolescents: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 97, 178–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.08.001
Pollio, E., & Deblinger, E. (2017). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for young children: Clinical considerations. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(Suppl 7), 1433929. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1433929
Qouta, S. R., Palosaari, E., Diab, M., & Punamäki, R. L. (2012). Intervention effectiveness among war-affected children: A cluster randomized controlled trial on improving mental health. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 288–298. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21707
Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1992). Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(5), 748–756. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.60.5.748
Ross, S. L., Sharma-Patel, K., Brown, E. J., Huntt, J. S., & Chaplin, W. F. (2021). Complex trauma and Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: How do trauma chronicity and PTSD presentation affect treatment outcome? Child Abuse & Neglect, 111, 104734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104734
Ruggiero, K. J., Price, M., Adams, Z., Stauffacher, K., McCauley, J., Danielson, C. K., Knapp, R., Hanson, R. F., Davidson, T. M., Amstadter, A. B., Carpenter, M. J., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Resnick, H. S. (2015). Web intervention for adolescents affected by disaster: Population-based randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(9), 709–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.07.001
Runyon, M., Deblinger, E., & Steer, R. (2010). Group cognitive behavioral treatment for parents and children at-risk for physical abuse: An initial study. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 32(3), 196–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317107.2010.500515
Salloum, A., Small, B. J., Robst, J., Scheeringa, M. S., Cohen, J. A., et al. (2017). Stepped and standard care for childhood trauma: A pilot randomized clinical trial. Research on Social Work Practice, 27(6), 653–663.
Salloum, A., Robst, J., Scheeringa, M., Cohen, J., Wang, W., Murphy, T., Tolin, D., & Storch, E. (2014). Step one within stepped care trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for young children: A pilot study. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 45(1), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-013-0378-6
Santiago, C. D., Kataoka, S. H., Hu-Cordova, M., Alvarado-Goldberg, K., Maher, L. M., & Escudero, P. (2015). Preliminary evaluation of a family treatment component to augment a school-based intervention serving low-income families. Journal of Emotional & Behavioral Disorders, 23(1), 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1063426613503497
Scheeringa, M. S., Weems, C. F., Cohen, J. A., Amaya, J. L., & Guthrie, D. (2011). Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in three-through six year-old children: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 52(8), 853–860. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02354.x
Sharma-Patel, K., & Brown, E. J. (2016). Emotion regulation and self blame as mediators and moderators of trauma-specific treatment. Psychology of Violence, 6(3), 400–409. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000044
Silverman, W. K., Ortiz, C. D., Viswesvaran, C., Burns, B. J., Kolko, D. J., Putnam, F. W., & Amaya-Jackson, L. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents exposed to traumatic events. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(1), 156–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410701818293
Stein, B. D., Kataoka, S. H., Jaycox, L. H., Wong, M., Fink, A., Escudero, P., & Zaragoza, C. (2002). Theoretical basis and program design of a school-based mental health intervention for traumatized immigrant children: A collaborative research partnership. Journal Behavioral Health Service Research, 29(3), 318–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02287371
Stewart, R. W., Orengo-Aguayo, R., Young, J., Wallace, M. M., Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & de Arellano, M. A. (2020). Feasibility and effectiveness of a telehealth service delivery model for treating childhood posttraumatic stress: A community-based, open pilot trial of trauma-focused cognitive–behavioral therapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 30(2), 274–289. https://doi.org/10.1037/int0000225
Swenson, C. C., Schaeffer, C. M., Henggeler, S. W., Faldowski, R., & Mayhew, A. M. (2010). Multisystemic therapy for child abuse and neglect: A randomized effectiveness trial. Journal of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43), 24(4), 497–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020324
Thulin, J., Nilsson, D., Svedin, C. G., & Kjellgren, C. (2020). Outcomes of CPC-CBT in Sweden concerning psychosocial well-being and parenting practice: Children’s perspectives. Research on Social Work Practice, 30(1), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731519843352
Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Susanty, D., Jordans, M. J. D., Macy, R. D., & De Jong, J. T. V. M. (2008). School-based mental health intervention for children affected by political violence in Indonesia: A cluster randomized trial. Journal of American Medical Association, 300(6), 655–662. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.6.655
Vickerman, K. A., & Margolin, G. (2007). Post-traumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence: II. Treatment. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(6), 620–628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.38.6.620
Weiner, D. A., Schneider, A., & Lyons, J. S. (2009). Evidence-based treatments for trauma among culturally diverse foster care youth: Treatment retention and outcomes. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(11), 1199–1205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.08.013
World Health Organization. (2019). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.).
Yasinski, C., Hayes, A. M., Alpert, E., McCauley, T., Ready, C. B., Webb, C., & Deblinger, E. (2018). Treatment processes and demographic variables as predictors of dropout from trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) for youth. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 107, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.05.008
Yasinski, C., Hayes, A. M., Ready, C. B., Cummings, J. A., Berman, I. S., McCauley, T., Webb, C., & Deblinger, E. (2016). In-session caregiver behavior predicts symptom change in youth receiving trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT). Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 84(12), 1066–1077. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000147
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brown, E.J., Sharma-Patel, K., Happer, K., Lee, A.H. (2023). Treatment of Pediatric Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. In: McKay, D., Storch, E.A. (eds) Handbook of Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14080-8_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14080-8_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-14079-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-14080-8
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)