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Other Mycobacterioses

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Abstract

Mycobacteriosis are infections caused by bacteria of the genus Mycobacterium. The nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental, acid-fast bacilli (AFB), Gram-positive, that cause varied manifestations in different groups of patients. It can be the cause of a broad range of clinical disorders, from cutaneous infections, such as cervical or intrathoracic lymphadenitis in children, to disseminated infections at all ages. NTM infection has been an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and initiation of treatment with multiple antibiotics for several months and potential use of adjunctive surgery are necessary to achieve the best outcome.

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Abbreviations

AFB:

Acid-fast bacillus

AIDS:

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

AST:

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing

BCG:

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

BU:

Buruli ulcer

CLSI:

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute

CTB:

Cutaneous tuberculosis

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

IGRA:

Interferon-γ release assay

IL:

Interleukin

INF:

Interferon

MABSC:

Mycobacterium abscessus complex

MAC:

M. avium-intracellulare complex

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration in liquid medium

MMSA:

Mycobacteria mobility shift assay

MTB:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

MTC:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

NAATs:

Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests

NTM:

Nontuberculous mycobacteria

NTMI:

Nontuberculous mycobacteria infection

NTM-LD:

Nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PNTM:

Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial

PRA:

Polymorphism restriction analysis

RGM:

Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria

RIPE:

Rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol

SSTI:

Skin disease and soft tissue infection

TB:

Tuberculosis

TST:

Tuberculin skin test

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

    Josemir Belo dos Santos, Cláudia Elise Ferraz, Jéssica Guido de Araújo, Márcia Helena de Oliveira, Perla Gomes da Silva & Vanessa Lucília Silveira de Medeiros

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  1. Josemir Belo dos Santos
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Correspondence to Josemir Belo dos Santos .

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  1. Dermatology Service, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul/HCPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Renan Rangel Bonamigo

Glossary

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM)

Are generally considered to be environmental saprophytes widely distributed in nature and can be found in numerous niches including soil, water, wild and domestic animals, fish, dust, and family and hospital settings. Mycobacteria are widespread in the environment, particularly in aquatic reservoirs.

Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. abscessus, M. chelonae, M. smegmatis (RGM)

These species of Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria (RGM) are capable of producing various diseases in humans ranging from cutaneous infection to disseminated infection; hematogenously disseminated infection is usually seen only in immunocompromised hosts. The majority of infections are due to accidental inoculation from trauma, surgery, injection, or cannulation.

Buruli ulcer (BU)

Is a disease affecting the skin, tissues, and in some cases the bones, caused by the environmental pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans. Its mode of transmission is still elusive and controversial. Infection with this agent leads to extensive destruction of the tissues with the formation of large ulcers particularly on exposed parts of the body, such as the limbs, head, and neck.

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)

Is an inflammatory reaction resulting from restored immunity to specific infectious or noninfectious antigens. It is a frequent complication of MAC disease, most commonly presenting with fever and lymphadenitis after the CD4 count increases in response to antiretroviral therapy (ART), in persons with AIDS. Localized manifestations of MAC disease have been reported most often in patients who are receiving and have responded to ART.

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC)

Includes both M. avium and M. intracellulare and represents the most frequent bacterial opportunistic infection in persons with HIV/AIDS.

Marjolin’s ulcer

Consists of the malignant transformation of a chronic ulcerative lesion. Over many years, these scars may develop into squamous cell carcinoma.

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dos Santos, J.B., Ferraz, C.E., de Araújo, J.G., de Oliveira, M.H., da Silva, P.G., de Medeiros, V.L.S. (2023). Other Mycobacterioses. In: Rangel Bonamigo, R. (eds) Dermatology in Public Health Environments. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13505-7_7

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