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Construction of Facial Composites from Eyewitness Memory

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Biomedical Visualisation

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1392))

Abstract

Law enforcement agencies often rely on practical technologies to help witnesses and victims of crimes construct likenesses of faces from memory. These ‘face composites’ are typically circulated to law enforcement officers and made accessible to the public in the hope that someone familiar with the depicted person will recognise their likeness and thus provide the police with a suspect. We will review methods for constructing such likenesses from memory dating back to the portrait parlé of Alphonse Bertillon (Signaletic instructions including the theory and practice of anthropometrical identification. Werner Company, 1896) and the composite images of Francis Galton (Nature 18:97-100, 1878). We will also review more modern methods, ranging from the overlay techniques of Identi-Kit (McDonald, c 1959) and Photo-Fit (Penry J. The Police Journal 43:307, 1970) to feature-based computerised composite systems such as Identi-Kit 2000, FACES, and ProMat. Most early systems were based on the common-sense notion that sectioning a face is invertible: just as a face can be sectioned into components, so it can be recreated by arrangements of sections. This assumption appears to be unwarranted. The underlying problem with earlier face systems may have been the absence of a representational or computational theory. This led in the late 1990s to the development of the so-called third-generation holistic composite systems, which are based on underlying statistical and mathematical models of face images (e.g. ID [Tredoux et al. South African Computer Journal 2006:90–97, 2006], EvoFIT [Frowd CD, Hancock PJB, & Carson D. ACM Transactions on Applied Psychology (TAP) 1:1-21, 2004a], E-FIT [Gibson et al., International Conference on Visualisation, 146–151, 2003]). A special focus of the chapter will be on these newer technologies and other recent technological innovations. Our approach will be to review (i) the methods of operation, (ii) the techniques identified by psychologists and other researchers for improving the quality of information obtained from memory, and (iii) the empirical data on the effectiveness of these systems at representing faces from memory. We will consider related issues, too, including the question of whether face composites damage witness memory, and the ethics of face composition.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Colin Getty Tredoux & Kyra Scott

  2. School of Psychology and Computer Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, England, UK

    Charlie Frowd

  3. Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

    Annelies Vredeveldt

Authors
  1. Colin Getty Tredoux
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  2. Charlie Frowd
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  3. Annelies Vredeveldt
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  4. Kyra Scott
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Correspondence to Colin Getty Tredoux .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Leonard Shapiro

  2. School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Paul M. Rea

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Tredoux, C.G., Frowd, C., Vredeveldt, A., Scott, K. (2023). Construction of Facial Composites from Eyewitness Memory. In: Shapiro, L., Rea, P.M. (eds) Biomedical Visualisation . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1392. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13021-2_8

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