Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diabetogenic Effects of Antihypertensive Drugs and Statins

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Blood Pressure Disorders in Diabetes Mellitus

Part of the book series: Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection ((UHCP))

  • 536 Accesses

Abstract

Data obtained from observational studies have shown that patients with untreated hypertension display an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with the normotensive state. They have also shown that this phenomenon is made worse when thiazide diuretics or beta-blockers are administered chronically. Pathophysiological mechanisms recognize in inflammation and impaired insulin sensitivity the principal factors responsible for the new-onset diabetes in hypertensive subjects in particular when affected by concomitant presence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and heart failure. Patients at high cardiovascular risk needing far a primary and/or secondary prevention with statins have also shown that the use of these drugs are associated with development of new-onset diabetes or worsening of glycemic profile. This could be attributed to the pathophysiological mechanisms of statins that induce an impaired insulin sensitivity and an inflammatory status. This paper will review the above data and discuss their clinical implications for protection of patients from hypertension or dyslipidemia based on current treatment of these conditions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Barnett K, Mercer SW, Norbury M, Watt G, Wyke S, Guthrie B. Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2012;380:37–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Mancia G, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, Friz HP, Grassi G, Giannattasio C, et al. Relationship of office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure to blood glucose and lipid variables in the PAMELA population. Hypertension. 2005;45:1072–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. Joint effects of systolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol on cardiovascular disease in the Asia Pacific region. Circulation. 2005;112:3384–90.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Pearle CA, Furberg CD, O’Meara ES, Psaty BM, Kuller L, Powe NR, et al. Characteristics and baseline clinical predictors of future fatal versus nonfatal coronary heart disease events in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation. 2006;113:2177–85.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Taylor EN, Hu FB, Curhan GC. Antihypertensive medications and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1065–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Pradeepa R, Mohan V. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and its complications in India and economie costs to the nation. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017;71:816–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Zhang H, Qi D, Gu H, Wang T, Wu Y, Li J, et al. Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of diabetes in rural areas of northern China from 1992 to 2011. J Diabetes lnvest. 2020;11:241–9.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Deshpande AD, Harris-Hayes M, Schootman M. Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Phys Ther. 2008;88:1254–64.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Zhou M, Schulman HI. Prevention of diabetes in hypertensive patients: results from the VALUE trial. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2009;5:361–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, et al. 2018 Practice guidelines for the management of arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology: ESH/ESC task force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2018;36:2284–309.

    Google Scholar 

  11. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, et al. 2014 evidence based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eight Joint National Committee (JNC8). JAMA. 2014;311:507–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Savage PJ, Pressel SL, Curb JD, Schron EB, Applegate WB, Blacket HR, et al. lnfluence of long-term, low-dose, diuretic-based, antihypertensive therapy on glucose, lipid, urie acid, and potassium levels in older men and women with isolated systolic hypertension: the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Arch lntern Med. 1998;158:741–51.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Yusuf Y, Gerstein H, Hoogwerf B, Pogue J, Bosch J, Wolffenbuttel BH, et al. Ramipril and the development of diabetes. JAMA. 2001;286:1882–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Vermes E, Ducharme A, Bourassa MG, Lessard M, White M, Tardif J, et al. Enalapril reduces the incidence of diabetes in patients with chronic heart failure: insight from the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD). Circulation. 2003;107:1291–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Fletcher A, Amery A, Birkenhager W, Bulpitt C, Clement D, de Leeuw P, et al. Risks and benefits in the trial of the European working party on high blood pressure in the elderly. J Hypertens. 1991;9:225–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I, Elmfeldt D, Hofman A, Olofsson B, et al. The study on cognition and prognosis in the elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens. 2003;21:875–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu L, Zhang Y, Liu G, Li W, Zhang X, Zanchetti A, et al. The Felodipine event reduction (FEVER) study: a randomized long-term placebo-controlled trial in Chinese hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2005;23:2157–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Braunwald E, Domanski MJ, Fowler SE, Geller NL, Gersh BJ, Hsia J, et al. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2058–68.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, Held P, McMurray JJV, Michelson EL, et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-overall programme. Lancet. 2003;362:759–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. DREAM Trial lnvestigators. Effect of ramipril on the incidence of diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1551–62.

    Google Scholar 

  21. The Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease (TRANSCEND) lnvestigators. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:1174–83.

    Google Scholar 

  22. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002;288:2981–97.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Lindholm LH, Persson M, Alaupovic P, Carlberg B, Svensson A, Samuelssonet O. Metabolic outcome during 1 year in newly detected hypertensives: results of the Antihypertensive Treatment and Lipid Profile in a North of Sweden Efficacy Evaluation (ALPINE study). J Hypertens. 2003;21:1563–74.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Mancia G, Brown M, Castaigne A, de Leeuw P, Palmer CR, Rosenthal T, et al. Outcomes with nifedipine GITS or coamilozide in hypertensive diabetics and non-diabetics in Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension (INSIGHT). Hypertension. 2003;41:431–6.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Thornley-Brown D, Wang X, Wright JT Jr, Randall OS, Miller ER, Lash JP, et al. Differing effects of antihypertensive drugs on the incidence of diabetes mellitus among patients with hypertensive kidney disease. Arch lntern Med. 2006;166:797–805.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Beevers G, de Faire U, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002;359:995–1003.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Marks RG, Kowey P, Messerli FH, et al. A calcium antagonist vs a noncalcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290:2805–16.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T, Dahlöf B, Lanke J, Scherstén B, et al. Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study. Lancet. 1999;354:1751–6.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L, Lanke J, Hedner T, Niklason A, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the captopril prevention project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;353:611–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P, Kjeldsen SE, Lindholm LH, Syvertsen JO, et al. Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and beta-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet. 2000;356:359–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers DG, Caulfieldet M, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian cardiac outcomes trial-blood pressure lowering arm (ASCOT BPLA): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:895–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Mancia G, McInnes GT, Hua T, Weber MA, et al. Effects of valsartan compared to amlodipine on preventing type 2 diabetes in high-risk hypertensive patients: the VALUE trial. J Hypertens. 2006;24:1405–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Chowdhury EK, Owen A, Ademi Z, Krum H, Johnston CI, Wing LMH, et al. Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study Management Committee. Short- and long-term survival in treated elderly hypertensive patients with or without diabetes: findings from the Second Australian National Blood Pressure study. Am J Hypertens. 2014;27:199–206.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. ONTARGET lnvestigators. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1547–59.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Zanchetti A, Hennig M, Baurecht H, Tang R, Cuspidi C, Carugo S, et al. Prevalence and incidence of the metabolic syndrome in the European lacidipine study on atherosclerosis (ELSA) and its relation with carotid intima-media thickness. J Hypertens. 2007;25:2463–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Shen L, Shah BR, Reyes EM, Thomas L, Wojdyla D, Diem P, et al. Role of diuretics, beta blockers, and statins in increasing the risk of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: reanalysis of data from the NAVIGATOR study. BMJ. 2013;347:f6745.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Low Wang CC, Hess CN, Hiatt WR, Goldfine AB. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and heart failure in type 2 diabetes-mechanisms, management, and clinical considerations. Circulation. 2016;133:2459–502.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Kodama S, Fuijhara K, Horikawa C, Sato T, Iwanaga M, Yamada T, et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of new-onset and recurrent heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7:2146–74.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Mancia G, Grassi G, Zanchetti A. New-onset diabetes and antihypertensive drugs. J Hypertens. 2006;24:3–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Padwal R, Laupacis A. AntihypJertensive therapy and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:247–55.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Brunstrom M, Eliasson M, Nilsson PR, Carlberg B. Blood pressure treatment levels and choice of antihypertensive agent in people with diabetes mellitus: an overview of systematic reviews. J Hypertens. 2017;35:453–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Elliott WJ, Meyer PM. Incident diabetes in clinical trials of antihypertensive drugs: a network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007;369:201–7.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Tocci G, Paneni F, Palano F, Sciarretta S, Ferrucci A, Kurtz T, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin Il receptor blockers and diabetes: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24:582–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I, Elmfeldt D, Hofman A, Olofsson B, et al. The study on cognition and prognosis in the elderly (SCOPE): outcomes in patients not receiving add-on therapy after randomization. J Hypertens. 2004;22:1605–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redón J, Zanchetti A, Böhm M, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2013;31:1281–357.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Brown MJ, Williams B, Morant SV, Webb DJ, Caulfield MJ, Cruickshank JK, et al. Effect of amiloride, or amiloride plus hydrochlorothiazide, versus hydrochlorothiazide on glucose tolerance and blood pressure (PATHWAY-3): a parallel-group, double-blind randomized phase 4 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4:136–47.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases Collaboration. Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: a comparative risk assessment. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:634–47.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Thomopoulos C, Bazoukis G, Tsioufis C, Mancia G. Beta-blockers in hypertension: overview and meta-analysis of randomized outcome trials. J Hypertens. 2020;38:1669–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, Anderson SG, Callender T, Emberson J, et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016;387:957–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Ferrannini E, Kozakova M. Metabolic effects of antihypertensive treatment: long live the debate. J Hypertens. 2003;21:1459–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Mancia G, Bombelli M, Facchetti R, Madotto F, Corrao G, Trevano FQ, et al. Long-term risk of diabetes, hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy associated with the metabolic syndrome in a general population. J Hypertens. 2008;26:1602–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Danaei G, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Fernandez Cantero O, Hernán MA. Statins and risk of diabetes: an analysis of electronic medical records to evaluate possible bias due to differential survival. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:1236–40.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Corrao G, Ibrahim B, Nicotra F, Soranna D, Merlino L, Catapano AL, et al. Statins and the risk of diabetes: evidence from a large population based cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:2225–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Dormuth CR, Filion KB, Paterson JM, James MT, Teare GF, Raymond CB, et al. Canadian network for observational drug effect studies investigators. Higher potency statins and the risk of new diabetes: multicenter, observational study of administrative databases. BMJ. 2014;348:g3244.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Macedo AF, Taylor FC, Casas JP, Adler A, Prieto-Merino D, Ebrahim S. Unintended effects of statins from observational studies in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2014;12:51.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Preiss D, Seshasai SR, Welsh P, Murphy SA, Ho JE, Waters DD, et al. Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;305:2556–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Jandeleit-Dahm KA, Tikellis C, Reid CM, Johnston CL, Cooper ME. Why blockade of the renin angiotensin system reduces the incidence of new-onset diabetes. J Hypertens. 2005;23:463–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Lind L, Pallare T, Berne C, Lithell H. Long-term metabolic effects of antihypertensive drugs. Am Heart J. 1994;128:1177–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Reaven GM. The role of insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia in patients with essential hypertension. In: Oparil S, Weber MA, editors. Hypertension: a companion to Brenner and Rector’s the kidney. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2005. p. 123–35.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Julius S, Gudbrandsson T, Jamerson K, Andersson O. The interconnection between sympathetic, microcirculation, and insulin resistance in hypertension. Blood Press. 1992;1:9–19.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Capaldo B, Lembo G, Napoli R, Rendina V, Albano G, Saccà L, et al. Skeletal muscle is a primarily site of insulin resistance in essential hypertension. Metabolism. 1991;40:1320–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. McTavish D, Campoli-Richards D, Sorkin EM. Carvedilol. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1993;45:232–58.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Grassi G, Quarti Trevano F, Facchini A, Toutouzas T, Chanu B, Mancia G. Efficacy and tolerability profile of nebivolol vs atenolol in mild-to-moderate essential hypertension: results of a double-blind randomized multicentre trial. Blood Press Suppl. 2003;2:35–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Savage DB, Peterson KF, Shulman GI. Mechanisms of insulin resistance in humans and possible links with inflammation. Hypertension. 2005;45:828–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Shulman GI. Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance in humans. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:3–10.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Agarwal R, Campbell RC, Warnock DG. Oxidative stress in hypertension and chronic kidney disease: role of angiotensin II. Semin Nephrol. 2004;24:101–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Allon M, Takeshian A, Shaklin N. Effect of insulin-plus-glucose infusion with or without epinephrine on fasting hyperkaliemia. Kidney lnt. 1993;43:212–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kurt TW, Pravenec M. Antidiabetic mechanisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin Il receptor antagonists: beyond the renin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens. 2004;22:2253–61.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Schupp M, Janke J, Clasen R, Unger T, Kintscher U. Angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers induce peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activity. Circulation. 2004;109:2054–7.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Uwaifo GI, Ratner RE. Novel pharmacologic agents for type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2005;34:155–97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Trayhurn P, Wood IS. Adipokines: inflammation and the pleiotropic role of white adipose tissue. Br J Nutr. 2004;92:347–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ward NC, Watts GF, Eckel RH. Statin toxicity. Circ Res. 2019;124:328–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Abbasi F, Lamendola C, Harris CS, Harris V, Tsai MS, Tripathi P, et al. Statins are associated with increased insulin resistance and secretion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2021;41:2786–97.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. DeFronzo RA. Banting lecture. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 2009;58:773–95.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Mach F, Ray KK, Wiklund O, Corsini A, Catapano AL, Bruckert E, et al. Adverse effects of statin therapy; perception vs the evidence-focus on glucose homeostasis, cognitive, renal and hepatic function, haemorrhagic stroke and cataract. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:2526–39.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Swerdlow DI, Preiss D, Kuchenbaecker KB, Holmes MV, Engmann JEL, Shah T, et al. HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibition, type 2 diabetes, and bodyweight: evidence from genetic analysis and randomized trials. Lancet. 2015;385:351–61.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Frayling TM. Statins and type 2 diabetes: genetic studies on target. Lancet. 2015;385:310–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Donath MY, Shoelson SE. Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nat Rev lmmunol. 2011;11:98–107.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Henriskbo BD, Lau TC, Cavallari JF, Denou E, Chi W, Lally JS, et al. Fluvastatin causes NLRP3 inflammosome-mediated adipose insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2014;63:3742–7.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Jager J, Gremeaux T, Commont M, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Tanti J. lnterleukin-beta induced insulin resistance in adipocytes through down-regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1 expression. Endocrinology. 2007;148:241–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Chan DC, Pang J, Watts GF. Pathogenesis and management of the diabetogenic effect of statins: a role for adiponectin and coenzyme Q10? Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2015;17:472.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Li S, Shin HJ, Ding EL, van Dam RM. Adiponectin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009;302:179–88.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Kondo H, Shimomura I, Matsukawa Y, Kumada M, Takahashi M, Matsuda M, et al. Association of adiponectin mutation with type 2 diabetes: a candidate gene for the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes. 2002;51:2325–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Achari AE, Jain SK. Adiponectin, a therapeutic target for obesity, diabetes, and endothelial dysfunction. lnt J Mol Sci. 2017;18:1321.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Mita T, Watada H, Nakayama S, Abe M, Ogihara T, Shimizu T, et al. Preferable effect of pravastatin compared to atorvastatin on cell function in Japanese early-state type 2 diabetes with hypercholesterolemia. Endocr J. 2007;54:441–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Cannon CP, on behalf of the IMPROVE-IT investigators. IMPROVE-IT trial: a comparison of ezetimibe/simvastatin versus simvastatin monotherapy on cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndromes. Late-breaking clinical trial abstracts and clinical science special reports abstract from the American Heart Association’s Scientific Sessions 2014. Circulation. 2014;130:2105–26.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Corrao G, Compagnoni MM, Rea F, Merlino L, Catapano AL, Mancia G. Clinical significance of diabetes likely induced by statins: evidence from large population-based cohort. Diabetes Res Clin Prac. 2017;133:60–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy

    Giuseppe Mancia

  2. Cardiology Department, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS S. Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy

    Gino Seravalle

  3. Clinica Medica, S. Gerardo Hospital, University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy

    Guido Grassi

Authors
  1. Giuseppe Mancia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gino Seravalle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Guido Grassi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Giuseppe Mancia .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon

    Adel E. Berbari

  2. University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy

    Giuseppe Mancia

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mancia, G., Seravalle, G., Grassi, G. (2023). Diabetogenic Effects of Antihypertensive Drugs and Statins. In: Berbari, A.E., Mancia, G. (eds) Blood Pressure Disorders in Diabetes Mellitus. Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13009-0_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13009-0_26

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-13008-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-13009-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation