Abstract
Desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae), is a spectacular example of nature but also a menacing scourge. Its breeding area extends from Morocco to Pakistan and India. Unprecedented movement and migration of desert locust occurred during the current upsurge of 2019–2021. It has migrated and invaded green crops up to Nepal during this gregarious phase. For monitoring, forecasting, and early warning of desert locust in the countries where the crops are under direct threat of this pest, FAO established the Desert Locust Information Service (DLIS), nearly five decades ago. DLIS has a state-of-the-art technology, a very unique expertise, and field presence with the ability to link up different governments to strengthen their capacities in desert locust management. The right to food is a human right, and food needs to be available, abundant, and accessible to all. The current COVID-19 pandemic, in amalgamation with desert locust, has created an extraordinary situation that has shaken the food security and economy of the whole region (from Morocco to Pakistan and India). In the wake of this pandemic, we need to find out the prudent ways to fight this scourge by our own resources in collaboration with the FAO-based contingency plans. Proper control and management of desert locust in the region under direct threat are needed in order to save the crops from damage and ensure food security.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmad T (2019) Food security, poor farmers and alternatives—a review. In: 9th National wheat conference held at Agriculture College, University of Sargodha, pp 80–86
Anstey ML, Rogers, Ott SM, Burrows SR, M, Simpson SJ (2009) Serotonin mediates behavioral gregarization underlying swarm formation in desert locusts. Science 323:627–630
Babah MAO, Sword GA (2004) Linking locust gregarization to local resource distribution patterns across a large spatial scale. Environ Entomol 33:1577–1583
Balança G, DeVisscher MN (1997) Impacts on nontarget insects of a new insecticide compound used against the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal 1775). Arch Environ Contamin Toxicol 32:58–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900155
Benfekih L, Chara B, Doumandji-Mitiche B (2002) Influence of anthropogenic. In: Impact on the habitats and swarming risks of Dociostaurus maroccanus and Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae) in the Algerian Sahara and the semiarid zone. J Orthopt Res 11:243–250. https://doi.org/10.1665/1082-6467(2002)011[0243:IOAIOT]2.0.CO;2
Benfekih L, Petit D (2010) The annual cycle of Saharan populations of Locusta migratoria cinerascens (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae) in Algeria. Ann Soc Entomol Fr 46:351–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2010.10697674
Bouaïchi A (1996) The behavioural and environmental bases of gregarization in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal). Ph.D. thesis, University of Oxford
Brader L, Djibo, Faye FG, Ghaout S, Lazar M, Luzietoso PN (2006) Towards a more effective response to desert locusts and their impacts on food security. In: Livelihoods and poverty. Multilateral evaluation of the 2003–05 desert locust campaign. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome
Burnett GF (1951) Field observations on the behaviour of the red locust (Nomadacris Septemfasciata Serville) in the solitary phase. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19510500702. Accessed 12 Mar 2018
Cease A (2012) Locust outbreaks and migration in the Asian steppe: the influence of land management practices and host plant nutrient status. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1012769819/abstract/9493761F6ECC4FBFPQ/1. Accessed 3 Sept 2018
Cease AJ, Hao S, Kang , Elser JJ, Harrison JF (2010) Are color or high rearing density related to migratory polyphenism in the band-winged grasshopper, Oedaleus asiaticus? J Insect Physiol 56:926–936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.05.020
Cease AJ, Elser JJ , Fenichel EP, Hadrich JC, Harrison JF, Robinson BE (2015) Living with locusts. In: Connecting soil nitrogen, locust outbreaks, livelihoods, and livestock markets. Bio Sci 65:551–558. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv048
Cease AJ, Harrison JF, Hao S, Niren D C, Zhang G Kang L (2017) Nutritional imbalance suppresses migratory phenotypes of the Mongolian locust (Oedaleus asiaticus). R Soc Open Sci 4:161039. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.161039
Chambers PG, Simpson SJ, Raubenheimer D (1995) Behavioural mechanisms of nutrient balancing in Locusta migratoria nymphs. Anim Behav 50:1513–1523. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)80007-7
Chandra S, Williams G (1983) Frequency-dependent selection in the grazing behaviour of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Ecol Entomol 8:13–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1983.tb00477.x
Chapman RF (1959) Observations on the flight activity of the red locust. In: Nomadacris Septemfasciata (Serville) behaviour 14:300–333. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853959X00126
Chapman RF (1976) A biology of locusts. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19760541473
Chapuis MP, Foucart PC, Blondin L, Leménager N, Benoit L (2017) Genetic and morphological variation in non-polyphenic southern African populations of the desert locust. Afr Entomol 25:13–24. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.025.0013
Charlton E (2020) Formative content world cconomic forum
Chen HH, Kang L (2000) Olfactory responses of two species of grasshoppers to plant odours. Entomol Exp Appl 95:129–134.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00650.x
Cigliano MM, Braun H, Eades DC, Otte D (2017) Orthoptera species file. Version 5.0/5.0
Cisse S, Ghaout S, Mazih A, Babah Ebbe MAO, Benahi AS, Piou C (2013) Effect of vegetation on density thresholds of adult desert locust gregarization from survey data in Mauritania. Entomol Exp Applic 149:159–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12121
Cisse S, Ghaout S, Mazih A, Ebbe OB, MA, Piou C, (2015) Estimation of density threshold of gregarization of desert locust hoppers from field sampling in Mauritania. Entomol Exp Appl 156:136–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12323
Collett M, Despland E, Simpson SJ, Krakauer DC (1998) Spatial scales of desert locust gregarization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:13052–13055. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.22.13052
COPR (1982) The locust and grasshopper agricultural manual. Overseas Pest Research, London, p 690
Cressman K (2013) Role of remote sensing in desert locust early warning. J Appl Remote Sens 7:075098. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.7.075098
Cressman K (2016) Desert locust. Biol Environ. In: Hazards risks disasters, pp 87–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394847-2.00006-1
Crooks WT, Cheke RA (2014) Soil moisture assessments for brown locust Locustana pardalina breeding potential using synthetic aperture radar. JARS 8:084898. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.8.084898
Cullen DA, Cease AJ, Latchininsky AV, Ayali A, Berry K, Buhl J (2017) From molecules to management. In: Mechanisms and consequences of locust phase polyphenism, in Advances in Insect Physiology, ed Verlinden, H. (Oxford: Elsevier), pp 167–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aiip.2017.06.002
Cullen DA, Sword GA, Dodgson T, Simpson SJ (2010) Behavioural phase change in the Australian plague locust. In: Chortoicetes terminifera, is triggered by tactile stimulation of the antennae. J Insect Physiol 56:937–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.04.023
D’Alessandro S, Fall AA, Grey G, Simpkin S, Wane A (2015) Senegal. Washington, DC: Agricultural sector risk assessment. PubMed Abstract|Google Scholar
Dawn (2020) Locust attack threatens food security in Pakistan. 11 May 2020
Despland E (2005) Diet breadth and anti-predator strategies in desert locusts and other orthopterans. Orth 14:227–233. https://doi.org/10.1665/1082-6467(2005)14[227:DBAASI]2.0.CO;2
Despland E, Collett M, Simpson SJ (2000) Small-scale processes in desert locust swarm formation. In: How vegetation patterns influence gregarization. Oikos 88:652–662. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880322.x
Despland E, Rosenberg J, Simpson SJ (2004) Landscape structure and locust swarming. In: A satellite’s eye view. Ecography 27:381–391. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-7590.2004.03779.x
Despland E, Simpso SJ (2000) Small-scale vegetation patterns in the parental environment influence the phase state of hatchlings of the desert locust. Physiol Entomol 25:74–81. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3032.2000.00166.x
Despland E, Simpson SJ (2005a) Food choices of solitarious and gregarious locusts reflect cryptic and aposematic antipredator strategies. Anim Behav 69:471–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.04.018
Despland E, Simpson SJ (2005b) Surviving the change to warning colouration. In: density-dependent polyphenism suggests a route for the evolution of aposematism. Chemoecology 15:69–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00049-005-0296-6
DPI (2018) Spur-throated locust. Department of primary Industries and regional development. https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/pest-insects/spur-throated-locust?nopaging=1
DPI (2019). Yellow-winged locusts. Department of primary Industries and regional development. https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/pasture-management/yellow-winged-locusts
Draper J (1980) The direction of desert locust migration. J Anim Ecol 49(3):959–974. https://doi.org/10.2307/4238.JSTOR4238
Duranton JF, Monard A, Morales RS (2006) Contribution à l’étude de la bio-écologie de deux locustes péruviens. In: Schistocerca cf. interrita Scudder 1899 et Schistocerca piceifrons peruviana Lynch
Duranton JF, Monard A, Solano R (2001) Outbreaks of schistocerca interrita (Scudder, 1899) in Northern Peru, Metaleptea
Ellis PE, Ashall C (1957) Field studies on diurnal behaviour, movement and aggregation in the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskål). Anti-Locust Bull 25:4–94
El-Mallakh OS, El-Mallakh RS (1994) Insects of the Qur’an. Am Entomol 40:82–84. https://doi.org/10.1093/ae/40.2.82
Evans CS, Bell EA (1979) Non-protein amino acids of Acacia species and their effect on the feeding of the acridids Anacridium melanorhodon and Locusta migratoria. Phytochemistry 18:1807–1810. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(79)83057-5
FAO (1996) Rome declaration on world food security and world food summit plan of action. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/W3613E/W3613E00.HTM
FAO (2016) Locust control campaign in Northern Laos. http://www.fao.org/laos/news/detail-events/en/c/414367/
FAO (2017) The future of food and agriculture—trends and challenges. Rome
FAO (2009) News article: red locust disaster in Eastern Africa. http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/21084/icode/. Accessed 12 Mar 2018
FAO (2020) Southwest Asia desert locust crisis appeal. Rapid response and scaled-up action
FAO–WFP (2020a) Joint FAO-WFP news release 6 November 2020. ROME
FAO (2020b) Five things you should know about an age old pest—desert locust dated 11 May 2020. Retrieved 24 Feb 2021
FAO (2020c) Director General address, desert locust status. Rome
FAO (2020d). Global network against food crises. Resilience www.fao.org Retrieved 24 Feb 2021
Farrow RA (1979) Causes of recent changes in the distribution and abundance of the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria L.) in Australia in relation to plagues. CSIRO division of entymology, pp 32–41
Feng GH, Fan SX, Liu QF, Yang YB, Ma LX, Cao GS (1994) The determination capacity for eaten of several species grasshoppers in grassland in outside cage condition. Acta Agrestia Sinica 3:230–235
Fisker EN, Bak J, Niassy A (2007) A simulation model to evaluate control strategies for the grasshopper Oedaleus senegalensis in West Africa. Crop Protect 26:592–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2006.04.026
Gall ML, Overson R, Cease A (2019a) A global review on locusts (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and their interactions with livestock grazing practices. Front Ecol Evol
Graham RI, Deacutis JM, Pulpite T, Ponton F, Simpson SJ, Wilson K (2014) Locusts increase carbohydrate consumption to protect against a fungal biopesticide. J Insect Physiol 69:27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.05.015
Graham RI, Deacutis JM, Simpson SJ, Wilson K (2015) Body condition constrains immune function in field populations of female Australian plague locust Chortoicetes terminifera. Parasite Immunol 37:233–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.12179
Gray LJ, Sword GA, Anstey ML, Clissold FJ, Simpson SJ (2009) Behavioural phase polyphenism in the Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera). Biol Lett 5:306–309. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0764
Guo KUN, HAO SG, Sun OJ, Kang LE (2009) Differential responses to warming and increased precipitation among three contrasting grasshopper species. Glob Change Biol 15:2539–2548.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01861.x
Guo W, Wang X, Ma Z, Xue L, Han J, Yu D (2011) CSP and takeout genes modulate the switch between attraction and repulsion during behavioral phase change in the migratory locust. PLoS Genet 7:e1001291. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001291
Haroon WM, Pages C, Vassal JM, Abdalla AM, Luong-Skovmand M, Lecoq M (2011) Laboratory and field investigation of a mixture of Metarhizium acridum and Neem seed oil against the Tree Locust Anacridium melanorhodon melanorhodon (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 21:353–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2010.550678
Harvey AW (1983) Schistocerca piceifrons (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), the swarming locust of tropical America. Bull Entomol Res 73:171–184. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300008786
Haseeb H (2020) The express tribune Pakistan
Hernández-Zul MI, Quijano-Carranza JA, Yáñez-López R, Ocampo-Velázquez RV, Torres-Pacheco I, Guevara-González RG (2013) Dynamic simulation model of central American locust Schistocerca piceifrons (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Florida Entomol 96:1274–1283. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.096.0405
Huang T (2020) Which countries are most vulnerable to Locust Swarms? May World Resources Institute
Huang X, McNeill M, Zhang Z (2015) Quantitative analysis of plant consumption and preference by Oedaleus asiaticus (Acrididae: Oedipodinae) in changed plant communities consisting of three grass species. Environ Entomol 45:163–170. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvv172
Huang X, Wu H, McNeill MR, Qin X, Ma J, Tu X (2016) Quantitative analysis of diet structure by real-time PCR, reveals different feeding patterns by two dominant grasshopper species. Sci Rep 6:32166. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32166
Hunter DM (2004) Advances in the control of locusts (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in eastern Australia: from crop protection to preventive control. Austr J Entomol 43:293–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1326-6756.2004.00433.x
Hunter DM, Cosenzo EL (1990) The origin of plagues and recent outbreaks of the South American locust, Schistocerca cancellata (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Argentina. Bull Entomol Res 80:295–300. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300050495
Hunter DM, McCulloch L, Wright DE (1981) Lipid accumulation and migratory flight in the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Bull Entomol Res 71:543–546. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300010051
Hunter DM, Milner RJ, Spurgin PA (2001) Aerial treatment of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Orthoptera: Acrididae) with Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes). Bull Entomol Res 91:93–99
Hunter Jones P (1967) Life history of the central American Locust, Schistocerca sp. (Orthoptera: Acrididae), in the laboratory. Ann Entomol Soc Am 60:468–477. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/60.2.46
International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2020) World economic outlook database October 2020. IMF
Jiang X, Maimaitiming ZL (2003) Nocturnal Migration of Grasshopper (Acrididae: Oedaleus asiaticus). Acta Agrest Sin 1:75–77
Jutsum AR, Goldsworthy GJ (1976) Fuels for flight in Locusta. J Insect Physiol 22:243–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(76)90032-9
Kang L, Chen X, Zhou Y, Liu B, Zheng W, Li R (2004) The analysis of large-scale gene expression correlated to the phase changes of the migratory locust. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:17611–17615. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407753101
Kieser M, Thackrah A, Rosenberg J (2010) Changes in the outbreak region of the Brown Locust in Southern Africa. http://gadi.agric.za/articles/Kieser_M/kieser_vol4_2002_locust.php
Latchininsky AV (2013) Locusts and remote sensing: a review. JARS 7:075099. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.7.075099
Lea A (1958a) Recent outbreaks of the brown locust, Locustana pardalina (Walk), with special reference to the influence of rainfall. J Entomol Soc South Afr 21:162–213
Lea A (1958b) The continuing challenge of the brown locust. J Entomol Soc South Afr 21:03–15
Lecoq M (2003) Desert Locust threat to agricultural development and food security and FAO/international role in its control. Arab J Pl Prot 21:188–193
Lecoq M, Chamouine A, Luong-Skovmand MH (2011) Phase-dependent color polyphenism in field populations of red locust nymphs (Nomadacris septemfasciata Serv.) in Madagascar. Psyche. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/105352
Le Gall M, Overson R, Cease A (2019b) A global review on Locusts (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and their interactions with livestock grazing practices. Front Ecol Evol 7:263. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00263
Le Gall M, Tooker JF (2017) Developing ecologically based pest management programs for terrestrial molluscs in field and forage crops. J Pest Sci 90:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-017-0858-8
Li J, Li S, Wang D, Ji R (2014) Changes in the contents of stress resistant substances in Gomphocerus sibiricus (Orthoptera: Acrididae) under high temperature stress. Acta Entomol Sin 57:1155–1161
Li S, Huang X, McNeill MR, Liu W, Tu X, Ma J (2019) Dietary stress from plant secondary metabolites contributes to grasshopper (Oedaleus asiaticus) migration or plague by regulating insect insulin-like signaling pathway. Front Physiol 10:531. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00531
Lockwood JA, Showler AT, Latchininsky AV (2001) Can we make locust and grasshopper management sustainable? J Orthoptera Res 10:315–329. https://doi.org/10.1665/1082-6467(2001)010[0315:CWMLAG]2.0.CO;2
Ma C, Liu C, Yang P, Kang L (2009) The complete mitochondrial genomes of two band-winged grasshoppers, Gastrimargus marmoratus and Oedaleus asiaticus. BMC Genomics 10:156. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-10-156
Ma C, Yang P, Jiang F, CHAPUIS MP, Shali Y, Sword GA (2012) Mitochondrial genomes reveal the global phylogeography and dispersal routes of the migratory locust. Mol Ecol 21:4344–4358.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05684.x
Ma Z, Guo W, Guo X, Wang X, Kang L (2011) Modulation of behavioral phase changes of the migratory locust by the catecholamine metabolic pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:3882–3887. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015098108
Ma Z, Guo X, Lei H, Li T, Hao S, Kang L (2015) Octopamine and tyramine respectively regulate attractive and repulsive behavior in locust phase changes. Sci Rep 5:8036. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08036
Magor JI, Lecoq M, Hunter DM (2008) Preventive control and Desert Locust plagues. Crop Protect 27:1527–1533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2008.08.006
Maxwell-Darling RC (1936) The outbreak centres of Schistocerca gregaria, forsk on the Red Sea coast of the Sudan. Bull Entomol Res 27:37–66. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300058107
Medina HE, Cease A, Trumper E (2017) The resurgence of the South American locust (Schistocerca cancellata). Metaleptea 37:17–21
Miller GA, Simpson SJ (2010) 1582301. Isolation from a marching band increases haemocyte density in wild locusts (Chortoicetes terminifera). Ecol Entomol 35:236–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2010.01180.x
Mohamed Shaluf I (2007) An overview on disasters. Disaster Prev Manag 16:687–703. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560710837000
Nevo D (1996) The desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, and its control in the land of Israel and the Near East in antiquity, with some reflections on its appearance in Israel in modern times. Phytoparasitica 24:7–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02981450
Noorka IR, Heslop-Harrison JS (2015) Agriculture and climate change in Southeast Asia and the middle east: Breeding, climate change adaptation, agronomy and water security submitted in handbook of Climate Change Adaptation [110652]. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40455-9_74-1, www.springer.com
Noorka IR, Heslop-Harrison JS (2019a) Cross-disciplinary drivers to benefit smallholder farmer communities and to achieve the SDGs by various means. In: Leal Filho W (eds) Handbook of Climate Change Resilience. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71025-9_40-1, www.springer.com
Noorka IR, Heslop-Harrison JS (2019b) Wheat production technology, a preamble to food security in Pakistan. Crop production technologies for sustainable use and conservation, physiological and molecular approaches. CRC Taylor and Francis/Apple Acedamic Press (AAP), USA. https://www.crcpress.com
Noorka IR (2019) Climate risks and adaptation to crop yield in Pakistan: toward water stress tolerance for food security. In: Leal Filho W, Azul A, Brandli L, Özuyar P, Wall T (eds) Climate Action. Encyclopedia of the UN sustainable development goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71063-1_113-1 www.springer.com
Osimani A, Garofalo C, Aquilanti L, Milanović V, Cardinali F, Taccari M (2017) Transferable antibiotic resistances in marketed edible grasshoppers (Locusta migratoria migratorioides). J Food Sci 82:1184–1192. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13700
Pedgley D (1981) Desert Locust forecasting manual. COPR, London
Pener (1991) Locust phase polymorphism and its endocrine relations. In: Evans PD (ed) Advances in Insect Physiology. Elsevier, London, pp 1–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2806(08)60091-0
Pener MP, Simpson SJ (2009) Locust phase polyphenism: an update. In: Simpson SJ, Pener MP (eds) Advances in insect physiology. Academic Press, London, pp 1–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2806(08)36001-9
Phiriyangkul P, Srinroch C, Srisomsap C, Chokchaichamnankit D, Punyarit P (2015) Effect of food thermal processing on allergenicity proteins in Bombay locust (Patanga succincta). Int J Food Eng 1:23–28. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijfe.1.1.23-28
Piou C, Lebourgeois V, Benahi AS, Bonnal V, Jaavar MH, Lecoq M (2013) Coupling historical prospection data and a remotely-sensed vegetation index for the preventative control of Desert locusts. Basic Appl Ecol 14:593–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2013.08.007
Poot-Pech MA, Ruiz-Sánchez E, Ballina-Gómez HS, Gamboa-Angulo MM, Reyes-Ramírez A (2016) Olfactory response and host plant feeding of the Central American Locust Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons. In: Walker to common plants in a gregarious zone. Neotrop Entomol 45:382–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-016-0385-y
Poot-Pech MA, Ruiz-Sánchez E, Gamboa-Angulo M, Ballina-Gómez HS, Reyes-Ramírez A (2018) Population fluctuation of Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in the Yucatán Península and its relation with the environmental conditions. Rev Biol Trop 66:403–414. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i1.29502
Popov GB, Duranton JF, Gigault, J (1991) Etude Écologique des Biotopes du Criquet Pèlerin# Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal, 1775) en Afrique Nord-Occidentale. In: Mise en Évidence et Description des Unités Territoriales Écologiquement Homogènes. CIRAD-PRIFAS. Swarm Shift: How Locusts Switch Phases When Numbers Swell
Price RE, Brown HD (2000) A century of locust control in South Africa. In: Workshop on research priorities for migrant pests of agriculture in Southern Africa (Chatham). pp 37–49
Rankin MA, Burchsted JCA (1992) The cost of migration in insects. Annu Rev Entomol 37:533–559. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.002533
Raubenheimer D, Simpson SJ (1993) The geometry of compensatory feeding in the locust. Anim Behav 45:953–964. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1993.1114
Ricciuti Ed (2019) Swarm shift. In: How Locusts Switch Phases When Numbers Swell
Riley JR, Reynolds DR (1983) A long-range migration of grasshoppers observed in the Sahelian zone of Mali by two radars. J Anim Ecol 167–183. https://doi.org/10.2307/4594
Robinson MD (2001) Desert nitrogen cycles. In, fecal nitrogen from a population of the Sahelian Tree Locust in Oman. Sultan Qaboos Univ J Sci 6:33–38.https://doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol6iss1pp33-38
Roessingh P, Bouaïchi A, Simpson SJ (1998) Effects of sensory stimuli on the behavioural phase state of the desert locust Schistocerca Gregaria. J Insect Physiol 44:883–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1910(98)00070-5
Roffey J, Magor JI (2003) Desert Locust popualation dynamics parameters. Technical Series-Desert Locust Field Reserch Stations (FAO)
Roffey J, Popov G (1968) Environmental and behavioural processes in a desert locust outbreak. Nature 219:446. https://doi.org/10.1038/219446a0
Rogers SM, Cullen DA, Anstey M, Burrows M, Despland E, Dodgson T (2014) Rapid behavioural gregarization in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria entails synchronous changes in both activity and attraction to conspecifics. J Insect Physiol 65:9–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.04.004
Rogers SM, Matheson T, Despland E, Dodgson T, Burrows M, Simpson SJ (2003) Mechanosensory-induced behavioural gregarization in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. J Exp Biol 206:3991–4002. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00648. SENASICA-D GSV. (2016). Langosta Centroamericana [Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons
Simpson SJ, Raubenheimer D (2000) The hungry locust. Adv Study Behav 29:1–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60102-3
Simpson SJ, Raubenheimer D, Behmer ST, Whitworth A, Wright GA (2002) A comparison of nutritional regulation in solitarious- and gregarious-phase nymphs of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. J Exp Biol 205:121–129
Skaf RM (1972) Problem of introducing modern methods of chemical control of locusts in the developing countries. In: International study conference on the current and future problems of acridology, London
Song H (2011) Density-dependent phase polyphenism in nonmodel locusts IN a minireview. Psyche 2011:741769. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/741769
Song H, Mariño-Pérez R, Woller DA, Cigliano MM (2018) Evolution, diversification, and biogeography of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Insect Syst Divers 2:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixy008
Stanley M (2018) Locusts Swarm in the Pilbara and Kimberley, costing farmers thousands. ABC Rural. Available online https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2018-04-02/yellow-winged-locust-plague-swarms-northern-wa-stations/9603136
Steedman A (1990) Locust handbook. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham
Stige LC, Chan KS, Zhang Z, Frank D, Stenseth NC (2007) Thousand-year-long Chinese time series reveals climatic forcing of decadal locust dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:16188–16193. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706813104
Stolyarov MV (2000) Strategy and tactics of gregarious locust control. Zashchita Karantin Rastenii 10:17–19
Sword GA (1999) Density-dependent warning coloration. Nature 397:217. https://doi.org/10.1038/16609
Sword GA (2002) A role for phenotypic plasticity in the evolution of aposematism. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 269:1639–1644. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2060
Sword GA, Simpson, SJ, El Hadi OTM, Wilps H (2000) Density–dependent aposematism in the desert locust. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 267, pp 63–68.https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.0967
Symmons P (2009) A critique of Preventive control and desert locust plagues. Crop Protect 28:905–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2009.04.012
Symmons PM, Cressman K (2001) Desert Locust Guidelines: biology and behavior. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
Tanaka S, Zhu DH (2005) Outbreaks of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and control in China. Appl Entomol Zool 40:257–263. https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2005.257
Thindwa HP (1999) Red Locust population monitoring and control in Malawi, 1988–1998. Int J Trop Insect Sci 19:351–354. https://doi.org/10.1017/S174275840001897X
Tian H, Stige LC, Cazelles B, Kausrud KL, Svarverud R, Stenseth NC (2011) Reconstruction of a 1910-y-long locust series reveals consistent associations with climate fluctuations in China. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:14521–14526. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100189108
Toleubayev K, Jansen K, van Huis A (2007) Locust control in transition: the loss and reinvention of collective action in post-soviet Kazakhstan. Ecol Soc 12:38. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02229-120238
Uvarov B (1966) Grasshoppers and Locusts. In: A handbook of general acridology, Aanatomy, physiology, development, phase polymorphism, introduction to taxonomy. University Press, Cambridge
Uvarov B (1977) Grasshoppers and Locusts. In: A handbook of general acridology Vol 2. Behaviour, ecology, biogeography, population dynamics. Centre for Overseas Pest Research, Cambridge
Uvarov BP (1936) The oriental migratory locust (Locusta migratoria manilensis, Meyen 1835). Bull Entomol Res 27:91–104. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300058144
Van Der Werf W, Woldewahid G, Van Huis A, Butrous M, Sykora K (2005) Plant communities can predict the distribution of solitarious desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. J Appl Ecol 42:989–997. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01073.x
Van Huis A, Cressman K, Magor JI (2007) Preventing desert locust plagues: optimizing management interventions. Entomol Exp Applic 122:191–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2006.00517.x
Van Huis A, Woldewahid G, Toleubayev K, Van Der Werf W (2008) Relationships between food quality and fitness in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, and its distribution over habitats on the Red Sea coastal plain of Sudan. Entomol Exp Applic 127:144–156
Veran S, Simpson SJ , Sword GA Deveson, E, Piry S, Hines JE (2015) Modeling spatiotemporal dynamics of outbreaking species: influence of environment and migration in a locust. Ecology 96:737–748.https://doi.org/10.1890/14-0183.1
Walker PR, Hill L, Bailey E (1970) Feeding activity, respiration, and lipid and carbohydrate content of the male desert locust during adult development. J Insect Physiol 16:1001–1015. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(70)90229-5
Waloff Z, Green, SM (1976) Some temporal characteristics of desert locust plagues with a statistical analysis. Antilocust Mem Minist Overseas Dev Antilocust Res Cent Lond 36
Weis-Fogh T (1952) Fat combustion and metabolic rate of flying locusts (Schistocerca gregaria Forskaal). Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 237:1–36. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1952.0011
Wilps H, Diop B (1997) Field investigations on Schistocerca gregaria (Forskaal) adults, hoppers and hopper bands. In: Krall S, Peveling R, Ba Diallo D (eds) New Strategies in Locust Control. Springer, Basel, pp 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9202-5_16
Word ML, Hall SJ, Robinson B, Manneh B, Beye A, Cease AJ (2019) Soil-targeted interventions could alleviate locust and grasshopper pest pressure in West Africa. Sci Total Environ 663:632–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.313
World Bank (2020a) The locust crisis: the World Bank’s Response
World Bank (2020b) The locust crisis—the World Bank’s response. www.worldbank.org
World Food Programme (2020) Global report on food crises. www.wfp.org retrieved on 24/02/2021
Wright DE (1983) The origin and development of major plagues of Chortoicetes terminifera. Walker, Oxford
Wright DE, Symmons PM (1987) The development and control of the 1984 plague of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker). Crop Protect 6:13–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(87)90022-6
Yang L, Wang J (2004) Meteorological factors on grasshopper bloom in Hami Area. Chin J Ecol 6:009
Zhang L, Hunter D (2017) Management of locusts and grasshoppers in China. J Orthoptera Res 26:155. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20119
Zhang L, Lecoq M, Latchininsky A, Hunter D (2019) Locust and grasshopper management. Annu Rev Entomol 64:15–34. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-112500
Zhang Z, Elser JJ, Cease AJ, Zhang X, Yu Q (2014) Grasshoppers regulate N: P Stoichiometric Homeostasis by changing phosphorus contents in. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103697
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ahmad, T., Cressman, K., Noorka, I.R., Omrane, M.B., Bader, M.K. (2022). Burgeoning Desert Locust Population as a Transboundary Plant Pest: A Significant Threat to Regional Food Security. In: Behnassi, M., Gupta, H., Barjees Baig, M., Noorka, I.R. (eds) The Food Security, Biodiversity, and Climate Nexus. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12586-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12586-7_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-12585-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-12586-7
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)