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A Tale of Two Systems: A History of New Math in The Netherlands, 1945–1980

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Modern Mathematics

Part of the book series: History of Mathematics Education ((HME))

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Abstract

New Math in the Netherlands will be described from the perspective of the ideals that were held within the institutes, instrumental in shaping Dutch education. In line with Bob Moon, and contrasting the analysis of some of the people who played a role in this history, we will describe the rise of realistic mathematics education as a realization of New Math, rather than as a breach with the past. Trust in mathematics and mathematicians played a role in the realization of a curriculum that accompanied the introduction of a modern school system, in 1968—supplanting the nineteenth-century system. Pillarization of Dutch society resulted in (1) a large number of stakeholders who all had their own ideas and power bases and (2) the necessity to find common ground, which was found in a focus on individual learning processes and stressing the need for developing individuality. This gave Dutch New Math its distinct flavor.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The model introduced by Brandenburg was similar to the model that had been introduced by the German cybernetics enthusiast Wolfram Menzel, to whom he referred.

  2. 2.

    In this chapter, the phrase “New Math” will be used as synonymous to “modern mathematics” or “modernized mathematics,” since the Dutch educators participating in the discussions during the 1950s and 1960s did not distinguish between those expressions. As will be made clear, “New Math,” to the Dutch, had a broader meaning than has been outlined in Chap. 1 of this volume.

  3. 3.

    HBS is an acronym of “Hogere BurgerSchool” [Higher Civic School], a school type destined for pupils aged 12–18, from the middle classes. The curriculum of HBS would typically not include Classic languages.

  4. 4.

    ULO and MULO are acronyms for, respectively, “Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs” [Extensive Lower Education] and “Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs” [More Extensive Lower Education]. In fact, they offered to the lower social classes forms of what we would today call secondary education.

  5. 5.

    The idea of developing personality in conjunction with intellect was not generally shared, but meritocratic ideas were widely accepted. In papers on education, Voorbereidend Hoger en Middelbaar Onderwijs (VHMO) [Preparatory Higher and Middle Class Education] became fashionable in the 1920s (and more ubiquitous in the 1950s), deriving unity from the age group, instead of the social class structure. The combination of gymnasia and HBS schools in so-called lycea was a precursor to that idea (see Beckers 2017a). Schools offering “extended education” to pupils from the lower classes were excluded from this definition, although in practice some of these school functioned as a form of secondary education (Smid 2000).

  6. 6.

    MAVO, HAVO, and VWO are acronyms for, respectively, “Middelbaar Algemeen Voortgezet Onderwijs” [Lower General Secondary Education], “Hoger Algemeen Voortgezet Onderwijs” [Higher General Secondary Education], and “Voorbereidend Wetenschappelijk Onderwijs” [Pre-university Education].

  7. 7.

    In my opinion, Smid (2017) is far too modest in his assessment of Wansink’s ideas and influence. Of all the people, who claimed an overview over didactical issues in mathematics in the 1950s and 1960s, Wansink was the most knowledgeable (see Wansink 1966).

  8. 8.

    Publishers also played their part in curriculum reforms (see Pingel 2010). New series of textbooks that were published were indicative of teachers embracing modern teaching.

  9. 9.

    Literally: [In dit werkje] heb ik getracht om enige stappen te zetten op de zo gevaarlijke weg van de didactiek van het meetkunde-onderwijs. Gevaarlijk, want nimmer mag de didactiek leiden tot aanranding van de wezenlijke kenmerken van het betreffende vak en waar is dit gevaar groter dan juist bij het wiskunde-onderwijs in het algemeen en het meetkunde-onderwijs in het bijzonder?

  10. 10.

    Programmed instruction, mostly in the guise of textbooks, was popular. With funding from the Christian Foundation for Research into Education, the working group programmed instruction had already started experimenting in the early 1960s. One result was a series of textbooks on algebra (Bouman et al. 1965). As didactical innovations, these experiments were also embraced by the Dutch NEF branch, who organized huge annual conferences on the subject since 1965. Van Gelder, who also liked to experiment with closed-circuit television and other technologies to further education, was one of the driving forces behind these conferences (Archive WVO, inv. nr. 37). The CMLW experimented with programmed instruction with a textbook on probability (Karman n.d.). See Beckers (2015a) for more details.

  11. 11.

    Distancing themselves from the old A and B curricula in HBS and gymnasium, the course names “wiskunde I” [mathematics I] and “wiskunde II” [mathematics II] could not have been chosen better.

  12. 12.

    Jenaplan refers to a school system based on an educational philosophy conceived and founded by the German pedagogue Peter Petersen (1884–1952).

  13. 13.

    Also people active in the CMLW published textbooks: Van Dormolen (1968), Van Dormolen (1969), Kuipers et al. (1969), Westerman (1969–1970), Kindt et al. (1969).

  14. 14.

    Wiskobas and Wiskivon are acronyms for, respectively, “Wiskunde in het basisonderwijs” [Mathematics in primary education] and “Wiskunde in het voortgezet onderwijs” [Mathematics in secondary education].

  15. 15.

    HEWET is an acronym for “Herverkaveling Wiskunde I en II” [Reshuffling Mathematics I and II].

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  1. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Danny Beckers

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Beckers, D. (2023). A Tale of Two Systems: A History of New Math in The Netherlands, 1945–1980. In: De Bock, D. (eds) Modern Mathematics. History of Mathematics Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11166-2_11

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